全球文化景观遗产的时空分布及列入标准分析

Temporal-spatial Distribution and Statistic Analysis on Inscription Standard of Cultural Landscape Heritage

经过长期的探索,自1992年文化景观被正式列入世界文化遗产类型到2013年的20余年间,共有54个国家和地区的85项文化景观遗产诞生。文章以联合国教科文组织世界遗产官网的文化景观遗产信息为数据源,统计并分析其时空分布、评价标准和遗产类别,结果显示:1)文化景观遗产数量在20 a间呈持续增长趋势,欧洲增长趋势与全球类似,亚洲增长潜力大;2)文化景观遗产集中分布在气候条件适宜人类生活且经济较发达的北半球中纬地区,欧美地区文化景观遗产数量超过全球的50%。大洲中欧洲约占全球的一半,亚洲其次,遗产大国以欧洲发达国家如意大利(6项)、法国(5项)、英国(4项)和德国(4项)为主,中国也已有4项;3)入选的85项遗产主要符合评价标准(iii)、(iv)和(v),说明文化景观遗产价值的评价焦点为表现遗产地独特人地关系的持续演进和延续能力;4)对51项文化景观遗产类型进行的统计表明:具有持续特征的有机演进类约占60%,是国际主要关注类型;5)世界文化景观遗产全球共识将在未来使其空间分布相对均衡,中国尚有较大的申报空间,重构文化景观遗产类别将利于其申报和保护。

The exploration of world cultural landscapes is a process that tries to discover the harmonious relationship between human beings and the environment. Cultural landscapes have always been favorably perceived by society but only in 1992 have been formally acknowledged as world heritage by UNESCO. From 1992 to 2013, 85 cultural landscape heritages belonging to 54 countries have been listed as world cultural landscapes during those 20 years. This paper collects information of cultural landscape heritage sites from UNESCO＇s official website, analyzes the spatial and temporal distribution, evaluation criteria and heritage＇s type of such sites. The results are as follows： 1） The amount of cultural landscape heritage sites keeps increasing steadily since 1992 and the European growth trend is similar to that of the world, but Asia still has much potential; 2） The cultural landscape heritage sites are mainly located in developed countries at mid-Northern latitudes, where appropriate climate provides ideal conditions for living. In the global political and economic culture partition, cultural landscape heritages in European and American area account for more than 50% of the total in the world, and those in Europe countries account for about half of the world, Asia is the second, the main legacy superpowers are Italy（6 items）, France（5 items）, the UK（4 items） and Germany（4 items）, China also have 4 items; 3） The 85 heritages are conformed to the evaluation standard mostly on iii, iv and v. It shows that evaluation of the cultural landscape heritage focuses on the continuous evolution; 4） According to the conception of cultural landscape heritage＇s type defined by the UNESCO, 51 heritages with clearly identified types that mention in their nomination paper have been counted, of which the organically evolved landscape types account for 60%, being the most hot types. 5） The world cultural landscape heritage will increase and relatively keep balance in spatial distribution in the future, China will get more opportunity to declare. Re–classification of cultural landscape heritage types will facilitate the submission and protection of them.