人性宗教、职业伦理与公民道德——涂尔干论现代社会道德重建的方案

Religion of Humanity,Professional Ethic and Civic Virtues——The Modern Social Moral Reconstruction Scheme of Durkheim

涂尔干的思想体系是对19世纪后期西欧资本主义全面扩张、政治权威衰落与道德失范的学理回应。涂尔干认为,在深度分工与个人主义理念盛行的既定条件下,要化解社会总体转型时期的道德失范问题,必须以"道德个人主义"为价值基础,构建职业团体与公民国家为基本要素的新道德结构,以形成新型社会形态的有机团结与机械团结的科学配置;由此才能避免滑向功利个人主义或强制社会主义的极端境地。

Durkheim’ thoughts is an academic response to comprehensive expansion of capitalism, decline ofpolitical authority and moral anomie in the later period of 19th century. In his view, on the condition of advanceddivision of labor and prevailing climate of individualism, the solution to the moral anomie during the period of socialtransition, requires to build a new moral construction, “moral individualism” as the basis, professional group andstate as main elements, and to form a scientifi c proportion between mechanic solidarity and organic solidarity in thenew social form; accordingly the European society could avoid moving towards the extreme situation of utilitarianindividualism or forced socialism.