美国宪法全球传播论析

The Global Diffusion of American Constitution

美国宪法自制定之初就对其他国家产生影响,但美国宪法是在第二次世界大战之后,尤其是冷战结束初期逐渐实现了全球传播。从发生学的角度看,美国宪法的传播可分为有意传播和无意传播。无意传播是在美国没有进行推介的情况下,移植国自行学习和接受美国宪法,是"无心插柳"。这一方面是基于美国在二战后的国际地位,另一方面是因为美国宪法有助于解决二战后一些国家所面临的问题。有意传播则与美国为推广宪法而采取的行动有关,可谓"有心栽花"。美国主动推广宪法在很大程度上是特定时期外交战略的需要,因此在不同时期、不同地区和国家,推广的机制不尽相同。此种推广通过为其他国家提供制宪咨询和"帮助",甚至是通过施压乃至强制来实现。美国宪法的传播并不完全是一个天然形成的过程,它同时也是美国运用多种方式积极推广美国模式的产物。在这个意义上,即使是一国的国内法律制度,也并非完全独自运作的封闭体系,而是深嵌于整个世界格局当中。

American Constitution has influenced other countries since its promulgation.But its extensive diffusion began after the Second World War,especially after the end of the Cold War.From the perspective of occurrence,the diffusion of American Constitution can be divided into intentional one and unintentional one.For the unintentional diffusion,the United States does nothing to promote the export,and the transplanting countries learn from and accept American Constitution by themselves.On the one hand,it is based on the international status of the United States after the Second World War,and on the other hand,it is because American Constitution helps to solve the problems that these countries faced.In the course of intentional diffusion,the United States introduces and popularizes American Constitution by giving counsel and 'help' to other countries,and even by pressure and compulsion.The diffusion of American Constitution is not entirely a natural process,and it is also a product of popularizing American model which is based on the strategy of the United States at a certain time.In this sense,as an internal public law,the constitution is not a completely closed system,and is deeply embedded in the international structure.