论近代早期英国农民土地产权的变革

The Reformation of English Peasants' Rights to Land in the Early Modern Period

中世纪英格兰农民土地产权处于封建土地保有制的"占有权"与敞田制的共有产权之下,是一种混合土地产权,产权关系模糊不清。到了近代早期,英国农民土地产权发生了变革。农民通过圈地,明确了自己与他人的土地界限,保障了个人对土地的独占,排斥了其他人对土地的使用,强化了自己对土地的"占有权",消除了敞田制的共有产权,开始掌握经营土地的自主权。自此,传统的混合土地产权被打破,一种明晰的土地产权形成。明晰的土地产权是新型农业生产组织——资本主义农场形成的前提。资本主义农场促进了农业劳动生产率的提高,使英国历史上第一次出现人均产量的增长,推动了英国从封建社会向资本主义社会的转型。

In medieval England,the land property rights of the peasants were under the‘seisin＇of the tenure and the common rights of open field system.It was a kind of mixed property rights which relationship was very vague.In the early modern period,the land property rights of the peasants have changed.Through the enclosure,the land boundaries with others had been clarified which ensured the personal monopoly of the land and rejected the others use the land.The peasants strengthened the‘seisin＇,eliminated the common rights and began to master their land.From then on,the traditional mixed land property rights were broken up,a kind of clear land property rights formed.The clarification of land property rights was the precondition of the formation of capitalist farm,which was a new organization of agricultural production.The capitalist farm promoted the improvement of the agricultural labor productivity,which made the growth of per capita output the first time in the history of England and promoted the transition from feudalism to the capitalism.