黑臭水治理程序辨析

Discrimination and Analysis on Procedures for Treating Black Smelly Water

黑臭水体治理是一项复杂的系统工程,牵涉到民众意识、政府重视、企业努力三方面因素。政府的作用虽然居中,承上启下,但是政府的行政命令往往是管得了上、管不了下。而黑臭水治理步骤是一个"三级跳"过程,下一级铺垫上一级,级级相扣。在第一级污染源阻断方面,民众意识与行为决定了"一级跳"的成败。第二级自净恢复,政府是主体,责任重大;虽然政府决心和投资力度很大,但"一级跳"若无效果,这一级纵使工作完美,恐也难以奏效。然而,目前政府将黑臭水治理似乎全部押在了污水处理排放标准上,企图通过提标、逼企业升级改造而直接达到地表水Ⅳ类甚至更高出水标准。这种本末倒置的治水思路治标不治本,在前两级跳未能奏效的情况下即使以自来水补充清淤后的水体,用不了多久水体还会黑臭。因此,仅靠末端提标、出水达标难以有效控制黑臭水现象。通过理性分析,以"三级跳"方式阐述黑臭水治理各个环节的作用、效果与症结,并指出各级跳的主体与瓶颈。

Treating black smelly water is complicated system engineering, involving public aware- ness, governments＇ concern and enterprises＇ efforts. Although the governmental role is in the middle of the task, governmental directives are only effective for enterprises and do not function for the public. In fact, treating black smelly water is a process of ＂triple jump＂, in which the following jump must be based on the preceding jump and every jump is tightly connected each other. On the first jump preventing external sources, public awareness and their behaviors determine the success or failure of this jump. On the second jump restoring self-purification, governments are a principal part and have major responsibili- ties, and this jump would be futile if the first jump is fruitless under governmental strong support. It seems that governments ＂bet＂ on the third jump for treating black smelly water, and try to promote the effluent discharge standards for forcing enterprises to meet higher water qualities （even reaching to the surface water standard IV）. Clearly, the reversed order for treating black smelly water would function as palliatives, even tap water could result in eutrophication and black smelly water would soon occur again if the first jumps fail. Therefore, end treatment of wastewater would not be miraculous. Based on rational a- nalysis, functions, effects and cruxes in each jump were elucidated, and respective principal part and bottleneck of the triple jump was identified.