成功与失败限制性饮食者对食物信息加工的能量效应:注意偏向的眼动研究

The Energy Effect of Food Information Processing Among Successful and Unsuccessful Restrained Eaters: An Eye Movement Study about Attention Bias

本研究通过眼动追踪考察两类限制性饮食者对食物注意偏向的成分。在高低能量食物分别和非食物配对时,成功者对高能量存在注意警觉(加速探测)-回避(早期和总体的回避)模式;失败者对高能量存在注意回避(早期定向回避)-维持(早期维持)模式,即在早期注意更少的定向于高能量,但一旦注意到就出现维持偏向。在高低能量配对时,成功者对高能量注意警觉(早期定向)-维持(早期维持);失败者对高能量注意警觉(早期定向)-维持(早期、总体的维持)。总体上,我们发现了不同亚类限制性饮食者对食物线索加工的能量效应,即失败者比成功者对高能量食物注意更多的眼动证据。

Based on the incentive sensitization model, reward-related cues in the environment acquire motivational properties, or incentive salience through classical conditioning （i.e., repeated association between the cues and intake of the rewarding substance）. Consequently, these cues come to be perceived as attractive and ＂wanted.＂ As a result, reward-related cues automatically capture （i.e., bias） attention, stimulate craving, and guide behaviors toward substance acquisition and consumption. The success or failure of restrained eating is caused by the attention bias toward food. The goal of the present study is to investigate the components of the attention bias toward food among successful restrained eaters （S-REs）, unsuccessful restrained eaters （US-REs）, and unrestrained eaters （UREs）. We hypothesized that when high or low calorie food pictures matched with non-food, S-REs and US-REs would show a vigilance-avoidance pattern to follow the diet goal. While high and low calorie food pictures matched, due to increased food temptation, US-REs would show a vigilance-maintenance pattern, but S-REs who had enhanced inhibition ability also showed the vigilance-avoidance pattem. We used eye movement （EM） tracking to assess biases in specific component processes of visual attention （i.e., orientation, detection, and maintenance of gaze） in relation to high and low calorie food pictures. Through The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, we studied 30 women with S-REs, 30 women with US-REs and 30 women with UREs. What＇s more, the eye movements were recorded while participants completed a task that was free to browse pairs of pictures for 2000ms. We used the high or low calorie food with non-food matching. Besides, we also used the high and low calorie food matching. When high or low calorie food pictures matched with non-food, S-REs showed the vigilance-avoidance pattern that had speed detection, early and total avoidance bias toward high calorie food. US-REs showed the avoidance-maintenance pattern that they were less likely to direct their initial gaze toward high calorie food, but once they noticed it, they appeared to maintenance bias. UREa only showed early avoidance bias toward low calorie food. Specifically, S-REs had a shorter first fixation duration on high calorie food pictures compared to US-REs. While high and low calorie food pictures matched, S-REs showed the vigilance-maintcnance pattern that they had early orienting and maintenance bias toward high calorie food. US- REs showed the vigilance-maintcnance pattern that was early orienting and maintenance, even total maintenance bias toward high calorie food. UREs also showed the vigilance-maintenance pattern that had early orienting and speed detection, even total maintenance bias toward high calorie food. Specifically, compared to US-REs, S-REs had a shorter total gaze duration on high calorie food pictures. In sum, we found the energy effect of food information processing among S-REs and US-REs. The results showed S-REs and US-REs had different attention bias pattern toward high calorie food pictures. Eye movement evidence indicated that all participants showed more attention to high calorie food rather than low calorie food, which meant restrained eater （REs） preferred high calorie food. Besides, compared with S-REs, US- REs showed more attention to high calorie food, but less attention to low calorie food. In future study, we should intervene participants＇ attention bias toward high calorie food to promote the success of the restrained eating.