文辞称引与文体观念的发生——中国早期文体观念发生研究

The Reference of Literary Expressions and the Generation of Stylistic Conceptions: A Study of the Generation of Stylistic Conceptions in China's Earlier Periods

早期文献中的文辞称引,是研究文体观念发生的重要路径之一。在殷商甲骨卜辞中,已经出现不少表示言说行为的称引提示词,反映出人们已认识到所称引事物内容以及文体形态的特殊性。这是文体观念的萌芽。西周时期,出现了兼有动词和名词性质的称引提示"兼类词",具有言语行为与文体形式浑融一体的性质。春秋以后,单一性文体提示词出现,它或以文体的独特载体、独特书写形态作为名称,或直接指称独立的文体形态,这是文体学观念发生的标志。从文辞称引的形式发展来看,西周至春秋是中国文体观念发生的关键时期。

The reference of literary expressions found in the documents of China＇ s earlier historical periods is one of the important ways to study the generation of stylistic conceptions. In the oracle inscriptions made on tortoise shells or animal bones from the Shang Dynasty, a respectable number of prompting words of reference, which were used to indicate various speech acts, have been found, suggesting that people in the Shang Dynasty had already realized the particularity of the contents and stylistic forms of the signified things. This fact marks the embryo of the stylistic conceptions. Later in the Western Zhou Dynasty, there appeared a new type of prompting words of reference, which were cross-category words with the functions of both verbs and nouns, being characterized with the integration of speech acts and stylistic forms. But it was not until the Spring and Autumn Period, when a sort of single-word-class prompting words appeared, that the stylistic conceptions were generated. Such prompting words were adopted as signifiers with their specific stylistic carriers and specific written forms, or directly referred to independent stylistic forms. Judging from the evolution of the forms of the reference of literary expressions, we may conclude that the span between the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period was a crucial time for the generation of stylistic conceptions in China.