湿地生态效益补偿标准探讨：以兴凯湖国际重要湿地为例

Discussion on Wetland Ecological Compensation Standard: A Case Study in Xingkai Lake Wetlands of International Importance

兴凯湖国家级自然保护区是东北亚最大的鸟类迁徙通道和停歇繁殖地,通过大兴凯湖、松阿察河与俄罗斯兴凯湖国家自然保护区接壤。雁鸭集群迁徙会导致其迁飞路线上湿地周边的水稻田的水稻产量减产或绝产,但是相关的生态效益补偿工作却开展的很少。以兴凯湖国际重要湿地为例,对兴凯湖国家级自然保护区及周边1 km范围内的兴凯湖农场29队、8510农场和承紫河乡利湖村3处鸟类补食预留水稻田的粮食产量进行评估,进而对补偿对象实施效益补偿;深入分析了水稻收割季末迁徙鸟种类、数量及水稻产量情况,其中雁鸭总数量占水鸟总数的70%~90%以上;通过对各预留地不同程度减产地块的定位,精确获得不同减产地块的形状、数量和面积,测定未减产地块的水稻产量、抽样实测预留地未绝产的水稻产量,根据市场调研的稻米的市场价格,确定兴凯湖预留地生态效益补偿额度最低为19 775元/hm^2,最高达27 910元/hm^2。

Xingkai Lake National Natural Reserve is the largest water birds migratory route and stopover site for breeding in Northeast Asia. It bordered the Russian Xingkai Lake National Nature Reserve by the Big Xingkai Lake, Songacha River. Wild ducks and goose clusters migration led to yield reduction of the rice fields around the wetlands on the migratory route. However, the related ecological compensation work had been rarely carried out. As a case study of Xingkai Lake Wetlands of International Importance, within or around one kilometer of the Xingkai Lake National Natural Reserve boundary, the 29 team of Xingkai Lake farm, 8510 farm, and Chengzihe village in Lihu county were chosen as the reserved rice fields for the migrating wild ducks. The reduction yield of the different plots in these reserved fields was assessed and the ecological compensation was implemented. The numbers and species of the water birds, and the different damaged degrees of the rice yields at the end of harvest time had been thoroughly analyzed. The numbers of wild ducks and goose occupied 70%-90% of the total number of the water birds. The locations of all damaged plots in the three reserved fields were recorded by GPS and plots shapes, numbers and areas were accurately characterized in every reserved field. And the rice yields of rice fields with the normal and yield reduction were measured;then based on the market price of the rice, the minimum ecological compensation was 19 775 Yuan/ha, the maximum was 27 910 Yuan/ha in these reserved fields.