论民俗传统的“遗产化”过程——以土家族“毛古斯”为个案

Folklore,Performance and Traditionalization:A case study about Tujia's “Maogusi”

"毛古斯"是湘西土家族在传统年节期间表演的一种仪式歌舞,其原始古拙的表演风格与内容近年来吸引了学者的关注,而这些学者的研究成果又为当地政府部门、地方专家从事非物质文化遗产、生态文化保护以及旅游民俗开发提供了话语资源。目前,"毛古斯"正经历着被对象化、僵化地认知与理解的过程,这也是当地民众被疏离于自身传统的过程。作为"文化表演"的传统正在被异化为一种被复兴的、被重新发明的所谓"传统文化",地方社区的经济模式、社会关系、心理世界也因此而经历重组。湘西土家族"毛古斯"的个案表明,只有给予当地人经济发展与文化发展的"自主性"与"主导性"以足够的尊重,其文化传统与民俗才能鲜活地、必不可少地存在于当地社区民众的日常实践中。

＂Maogusi＂is a ritual dance which is performed in the Tujia Nationality in the west of Human Province during the traditional new year,whose antique performance style and content have directly attracted the attention of some scholars;and in turn,these scholars＇ researches have provided a discursive resources for the local governmental departments and experts who have engaged in protecting the intangible cultural heritage,the ecological culture protection and folklore tourism development.However,when＂Maogusi＂is objectified and rigidly understood,the local people is also being alienated in their own tradition,the tradition as a＂cultural performance＂being alienated as a revival and reinvented＂traditional culture＂,the economic mode,social relations;and the psychological world in the local community also are in a process of restructuring.