北方冬季生物发酵床垫料理化性质及温度分布特征研究

Physicochemical Properties and Temperature Distributions of the Bio-Fermentation Bed Litter in Winter in North China

为指导发酵床垫料的日常管理工作,提高冬季寒冷地区生物发酵床的运行效率。通过对我国北方冬季生物发酵床垫料的理化性质和温度分布特征研究,发现冬季采用生物发酵床技术的圈舍内的温度、湿度可以达到约12℃和82%,均高于普通漏缝地板猪舍内的约10℃和68%。发酵床休息区垫料pH、电导率（EC）和含水率分别为约8.00、2.40 mS/cm和45%,均低于粪尿区垫料的约8.50、4.70mS/cm和64%,而发酵床休息区垫料的持水性约为3.50倍,高于粪尿区垫料的约2.15倍,另外,休息区垫料重金属和有机质含量方面均低于粪尿区,且休息区各个深度垫料的平均温度约高于粪尿区5℃,表明发酵床休息区垫料的理化性质优于粪尿区。发酵床垫料的纵向温度分布特征为：随着垫料深度增加,温度先升高后降低,在深度为20cm和30cm处最高,比其他深度高5~10℃,可判定核心发酵层位于离表面下20~30cm深度处。与未添加功能菌剂的发酵床（CK组）相比,按比例300g/m3添加功能菌剂的生物发酵床（BFB组）的垫料平均温度要高出2℃左右,且温度分布也更为均匀,应用双因素方差分析对功能区和功能菌剂的影响效果进行分析后发现,不同功能区对发酵床垫料的理化性质和温度的影响效果更为显著。因此,在北方冬季的生物发酵床的日常管理中,可以适当添加一定比例的功能菌剂,尤其需要及时对粪区粪便进行疏解,并对垫料的翻动深度应该保证不低于30cm,及时进行圈舍的除湿工作。

The purpose of the experiment is to guide the daily management of the bio-fermentation bed（BFB）litter and improve the efficiency of the bio-fermentation bed（BFB）at cold area in winter.Through the research of physicochemical properties and temperature distributions of the BFB litter of winter in north China,it was found that the temperature and humidity of the piggery which applied the BFB reached about 12℃and 82%,both higher than the slatted floor piggery which reached about 10 ℃ and 68% respectively.The pH,electro-conductibility（EC）and moisture content of the litter in rest area were about 8.00,2.40mS/cm and 45%,lower than the litter in dung area which were about 8.50,4.70mS/cm and 64%,and the water-holding capacity（WHC）of the litter in the rest area was higher than the dung area（about 3.50 and 2.15）,moreover,the heavy metal contents and organic matter of the litter in the rest area was lower than the dung area,and the average temperature of the litter in the rest area was higher than the dung area about 5~10℃at each of the depth,which indicated that the physicochemical properties of the litter in rest area were better than that of dung area.The longitudinal temperature distribution was as follows：with the depth increasing,the temperature firstly increased and then decreased,it reached the highest at the depth ranging from 20 cm to 30 cm and was about 5~10℃ higher than other depths,so the core fermentation layer may be located at the depth ranging from 20 cm to 30 cm.Compared with the CK（without added EM）,the average temperature of the litter in the BFB（added EM with 300g/m3）was about 2℃higher,and the temperature distribution was more uniform.By using the two-way analysis of variance,it was found that the effect of different area on the physicochemical properties and temperature of litter was more significant.Therefore,in the daily management of BFB litter in winter in north China,a certain proportion of EM should be added,the manure in the dung area should be scattered,the turning depth of litter should be no less than 30 cm,and the timely dehumidifying operation of the piggery was essential.