俄罗斯现代化的历史经验

Historical Experience of Modernization in Russia

俄罗斯的现代化最早发端于18世纪早期。共产党执政时期,苏联变成了一个现代工业强国。由于违背客观规律,国民经济比例失调,加之长期得不到纠正和解决,使得苏联与西方国家的技术差距逐步加大。历史经验表明,如果没有具体的前瞻性的现代化方案,同时也没有一个有效工作的国家机构,那么现代化过程的缺陷是很大的。政府体系的严重缺陷和国家制度缺少诚信是现代化道路上的另一个障碍。成功的现代化经验表明专有的国家模式能够解决一个国家面临的问题。现代化是一个旨在构建从一种发展路径向另一种路径过渡的政治工程。现代化工程的标准两个方面:经济的和社会的。对于社会标准,应该建立一个能够为各类人才实现其价值的宏观社会环境。如果没有在科技人员政策方面的一个彻底改变,没有充分发挥这些人员的潜力为国家服务,那么俄罗斯的现代化是不可能的。当前现代化最不利的条件即是没有对俄罗斯智力资源、高质量的教育以及大众创新潜力的需求。现代化政策的优先领域,不能忽视专家和公众对于为什么俄罗斯落后于世界发达国家的见解。

The modernization of Russia started in the early 1 8 th century. During the era of the Communist Party, the USSRbecame a powerful industrial country. However, due to violations of the objective law of development, the ratio of the varioussectors of the national economy was unbalanced and had never been corrected. This widened the technological gap betweenthe USSR and the western countries. The historical experience has shown that, without a forward-looking project ofmodernization and an effective state apparatus, modernization will be highly inadequate. Another obstacle of modernizationis the defects of the governmental system and the lack of trust of the institutions. The successful experiences of modernizationhave shown that every country＇s problem must be solved in a specific way. Modernization is a political project aiming attransiting from one path of development to another. Such a project has two criteria, economical and sociological. Consideringthe sociological criterion, what needs to be established is a macro social environment that can help all kinds of peoplerealize their value. Without a radical change of the governmental policies concerning the scientific and technological personnel,which can fully realize their potential, Russia＇s modernization is impossible. At present, the most disadvantageousthing about modernization is the lack of demand for Russia＇s intellectual resources, quality education and the innovativepotential in general. The opinions of the experts and the public on the reasons of Russia＇s lagging behind should not be ignored.