我国主要麦区小麦产量形成对磷素的需求

Phosphorous requirement for yield formation of wheat in main wheat production regions of China

【目的】掌握小麦磷素的吸收特征及区域差异性有利于指导小麦合理施肥,提高磷肥肥效,维持小麦增产稳产。本文旨在探讨我国小麦磷素吸收特征的区域差异性及对产量的响应。【方法】本文收集了2000年后我国黄淮海冬麦区、西北冬春兼播麦区和长江中下游麦区小麦田间试验的文献数据,统计分析了小麦产量、地上部磷吸收、籽粒磷含量、秸秆磷含量、100 kg籽粒需磷量等参数的区域异质性,并计算了小麦不同产量水平下100 kg籽粒需磷量、籽粒磷含量和秸秆磷含量的变化特征。【结果】我国田间试验的小麦平均产量为6.18 t/hm^2(n=5424),变异系数为33.1%;籽粒、秸秆磷含量全国平均分别为0.32%(n=1072)、0.08%(n=864),变异系数分别为34.3%、75.0%;地上部、籽粒和秸秆吸磷量全国平均分别为26.4 kg/hm^2(n=1370)、17.0 kg/hm^2(n=679)、5.4kg/hm^2(n=650),变异系数分别为58.6%、55.1%、94.8%。除籽粒磷含量外,小麦产量、地上部磷吸收量、籽粒磷吸收量、秸秆磷吸收量和秸秆磷含量均以黄淮海麦区最高,长江中下游冬麦区次之,西北冬春麦区最低。生产100 kg籽粒需磷量全国平均为0.46 kg(n=1546),变异系数37.0%,其中以黄淮海冬麦区最高,为0.50 kg(n=813),长江中下游冬麦区和西北冬春麦区分别为0.44 kg(n=195)和0.41 kg(n=538)。随小麦产量水平的提高,生产100 kg小麦籽粒需磷量呈增加趋势,<4.50 t/hm2、4.50 6.50 t/hm^2、6.50 8.50 t/hm2、>8.50 t/hm^2产量范围生产100 kg籽粒需磷量分别为0.41 kg、0.43 kg、0.50 kg、0.52 kg;籽粒磷含量基本维持一定水平,分别为0.32%、0.31%、0.31%、0.33%,秸秆磷含量呈增加趋势,分别为0.05%、0.07%、0.11%、0.12%。【结论】我国小麦产量、籽粒磷含量、秸秆磷含量、籽粒磷吸收量、秸秆磷吸收量、地上部吸磷总量和生产100 kg籽粒需磷量波动范围大,变异性较高,存在明显区域差异。黄淮海冬麦区吸磷量以及百公斤籽粒需磷量均高于西北和长江中下游区,产量水平也最高。产量越高,百公斤籽粒需磷量也越高。因此,施肥中要依据区域的小麦产量及磷素需求规律因地制宜地指导区域小麦科学施肥。

【Objectives】Phosphorous uptake of wheat and the regional variations is the base to guild reasonable phosphorous fertilization strategy. This paper aimed to investigate the P absorption amount and the response to phosphorous fertilization in the main wheat-planting regions. 【Methods】Data were collected from the published papers and field experiments,in which the wheat yields,P absorption in both grains and straw,P uptakes in the shoots and P concentrations in grains and straw were analyzed in the Huang-Huang-Hai winter wheat planting region（HH）,Northwest China spring-winter wheat planting region（NW） and Changjiang River winter wheat plantingregion（ CR）,and the wheat P absorption under different yield levels was studied. 【Results】The results showed that wheat grain yields,P contents in grains and straw,above-ground P uptake,P absorptions in both grains and straw and P amounts needed to produce per 100 kg grains had significant regional variations. The mean grain yield in China was 6. 18 t / hm-2 with a variation coefficient of 33. 1%. The mean values of P concentrations in both grains and straw were 0. 32% and 0. 08%,and the corresponding variation coefficients were 34. 3% and 75. 0%. The shoot P uptake and P absorption in grains and in straw were 26. 4 kg / hm-2,17. 0 kg /hm-2 and 5. 4 kg / hm-2 with the variation coefficients of 58. 6%,55. 1% and 94. 8%,respectively. Excluding the P concentrations in grains,all other parameters were highest in HH,and lowest in NW. The averaged P amount needed to produce 100 kg grain was 0. 46 kg with the variation of 37. 0% in China,and HH had the highest value of 0. 50 kg,while the amounts for YR and NW were 0. 44 kg and 0. 41,respectively. As increasing wheat yield,N requirement per 100 kg grain was increased consequently,and the N requirements were 0. 41 kg,0. 43 kg,0. 50 kg,0. 52 kg for wheat yields 4. 50 t / hm-2,4. 50-6. 50 t/hm-2,6. 50-8. 50 t/hm-2,and 8. 50 t/hm-2,respectively. The P concentrations in grains maintained the certain levels with 0. 32%,0. 31%,0. 31% and 0. 33%,respectively for the corresponding yield levels. The P concentrations in straw increased with the corresponding values of 0. 05%,0. 07%,0. 11%and 0. 12% for the grain yield levels. 【Conclusions】Differences of temperature,water and soil in the wheatplanting regions caused the differences of P absorption characteristics. For improving wheat yield and N use efficiency,wheat grain yield and P absorption for a region should be taken into account.