也谈《墨经》之“侔”——墨“侔”三款之我见兼商榷

On the “Mou”of “The Scripture of Mohists”

《墨经》之"侔",其得以成立之前提应为《墨经》之基本范畴"同",而《墨经》所言之"同"凡十种,又可细分为"名"层面之"同"、"实"层面之"同"与"合"层面之"同"。墨"侔"正是基于上述三类"同"之前提得以建构,进而实现其"比辞而俱行"的内涵的,由此墨"侔"基于三类"同"之前提形成"侔"之三款,即"名"之"侔"、"实"之"侔"与"合"之"侔";还可依据三种形式形成"盈"(加)之"侔"、"阙"(减)之"侔"与"迭"(换)之"侔"三款。此外,《墨经》中对"侔"之表述多为举例式,属经验性陈述,故墨"侔"成立之有效式只可经验归纳而得,先验演绎难以得之。本文基于上述认识,对以往学界所持之墨"侔"属西洋形式逻辑"附性法"、墨"侔"应包含"不是而不然"之"否定式"有效式及"是而不然""不是而然"等"部分否定"有效式、墨"侔"之"减词"与"减辞"说、墨"侔"属"复杂概念推理"或"关系推理"、墨"侔"即"辟辞"与属类比推理、墨"侔"属直接演绎推理等诸代表性观点进行商榷。

＂ Mou＂ means ＂equality＂ which is a fundamental category of ＂The Scripture of Mohi- sts＂. In fact, under the cover term of equality in this Chinese classic there are dozens of equal fields in form, content and overlapping. It is argued that the three subcatego- ries are instantiated by specific examples through induction rather than deduction. Based on this understanding, we attempt to illustrate the logic argumentations in The Scripture of Mohists.