1Rhee JC,Lee KT. The causes and management of lower GI bleed- ing: a study based on clinical observations at Hanyang University Hospital[J]. Gastroenterol J pn, 1991,26 : 101.
2Makela JT, Kiviniemi H, Laitinen S, et al. Diagnosis and treat- ment of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding[J]. Scaand J Gas- troenterol, 1993,28 : 1062.
5Barnert J ,Messmann H. Diagnosis and management of lower gas- trointestinal bleeding[J]. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2009, 6(11) :637.
二级参考文献15
1Kashyap R, Mahajan S, Sharma B. A clinical profile of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding at moderate altitude. JIACM,2005, 6 : 224-228.
2Ibanez L, Vidal X, Vendrell L, et al. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated with antiplatelet drugs. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2006, 23:235-242.
3Rahme E, Bematsky S. NSAIDs and risk of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Lancet, 2010, 376 : 173-179.
4Kaviani MJ, Pirastehfar M, Azari A, et al. Etiology and outcome of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a study from South of Iran. Saudi J Gastroenterol,2010, 16:253-259.
6Bai Y, Peng J, Gao J. Epidemiology of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in China: Single-center series and systematic analysis of Chinese literature with 53 951 patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2011,26:678-682.
7Bannura G, Barium A, Melo C, et al. Lower gastrointestinal bleedings : results of a study and surgical treatment in 20 patients. Rev Med Chil, 2002,130:869-878.
