是东夷,也是南越——读《魏志·倭人传》

Being Eastern Yi and Southern Man : Reading The Records of Three Kingdoms:Wei Chronicle's “Biography of the Wa People”

在《魏志·倭人传》的研究中,向来最有争议的,一是它的史料来源,二是它所描写邪马台国的位置。针对这两个问题,本文首先论证东夷校尉及护东夷校尉的设置,才是包括《倭人传》在内的《魏志·东夷传》写作的制度性基础。同时,通过与《史记》、《汉书》、鱼豢《魏略》的比较,指出《三国志》之所以弃"四夷"而仅仅写有《魏志·乌丸鲜卑东夷传》这一篇"夷传",也是由陈寿过去蜀人的立场及其视野决定的。其次是说明三国鼎立,魏、蜀、吴都有意在海上拓展自己的势力。由此,东夷包括倭的存在,他们的地理种族、自然环境及资源、社会结构、宗教习俗,他们与中国的往来,才引起格外关注,进入中国历史的大叙述,而这也导致陈寿在《魏志》中写邪马台等倭诸国时,并不是只采取魏这一个视角,同时也采取了吴甚至于蜀的视角。所以,一方面他是以带方郡为起点,记载下从景初三年到正始八年的魏与邪马台女王国在政治上的往来,从这一角度,将倭归于东夷;但是另一方面,他也强调倭在文化上,还是与会稽、东冶即旧时吴越相近,生态和习俗更等同于儋耳、朱崖,而从这一角度看,倭就变成了南越。

Among the hot debates on The Records of Three Kingdoms： Wei Chronicle＇s ＂Biography of the Wa People＂,the two topics have been mostly discussed： the origins of the historical materials,and the description of Yamatai＇s physical location and geography. This paper addresses these two issues. It begins with examining the installation of military officers governing the Eastern Yi tribe,including the fundamental system described in the Wei Chronicle＇s＂Biography of the Eastern Yi ＂（ the same source of the＂Biography of the Wa People＂）. Chen Shou＇s The Records of the Three Kingdoms including only one piece of ethnic minority —＂Biographies of Wuhuan,Xianbei,and Dongyi＂has demonstrated that Chen Shou＇s perspective was limited by his standpoint and viewpoints of a Shu-man. Chen＇s descriptions of Wa and Yamatai,however,also had underlying perspectives of Wei and Wu： politically Wei had established certain connections with Dong Yi,whereas culturally these peoples stayed much closer to the culture of Wu and Yue,being deeply influenced by the cultures of the Southern Man.