新中国初期农民协会与乡村社会整合——以湖北省为例

Peasant Associations in the Early Days of the People's Republic of China and the Integration of Rural Society: A Case Study of Hubei Province

建政初期,在筹粮支前与社会重建的双重压力下,中共湖北地方政权亟需建立一套能快速汲取资源、有效动员并整合乡村的组织体系。由于中共在新区乡村的党组织、党员和干部数量有限且短时期内难以大规模扩展,新政权缺乏威信,既有的保甲组织又与其乡村社会整合的目标存在着内在冲突,因此农协被赋予了重组基层、整合乡村的重要历史使命。与整合乡村的需要相适应,农协在其组织建构上形成了一系列典型特征:在组织体系上,建立了与行政体系一致的纵向体系;在成员构成上,以区域性的贫雇农为主体;在组织职能上,承担了以政治性任务为主的全能式职能。中共通过组建、发展与整顿农协,完成了乡村社会的组织更替,奠定了乡村社会整合的组织基础;凝聚了民众,实现了乡村社会的权势转换与精英替代;建立了新旧交替之时有效沟通国家与乡村、农民的渠道。然而,农协存在的时间并不长,在土改建政完成后就基本退出了历史舞台。尽管农协在其发展过程中出现了很多问题,在特定历史时期也难以成长为现代意义上的民间社团,但农协的撤销使农民失去了利益表达的组织渠道。

It was of great urgency for the local government of Hubei province to establish an organizational system which could quickly extract resources,effectively mobilize the peasants and integrate the rural society under the dual pressure of supporting the front by raising grains and social reconstruction in the early days of the new regime. The peasant associations were given an important historical mission of reorganization and integration of rural society because of the insufficient expansion,limited members and cadres of the CPC in new liberated areas,and an inherent conflict between the Baojia system and integration objectives,and the lack of authority of the new regime. Peasant associations formed typical characteristics including a vertical system consistent with the administrative system,regional member structure focused on poor peasants,and totalitarian functions centered on political tasks. The establishment of peasant associations realized the organization alternation, elite replacement and power conversion of rural society, and established new and effective communication channels between the new nation and rural society. However,the peasant associations didn＇t last too long and peasants lost their organizational channel of interests expression.