世界主要国家现代家庭福利政策的历史发展与经验规律

The History and Empirical Law of Modern Family's Welfare Policy in Major Countries

家庭政策泛指现代国家旨在影响或改变现存家庭生活模式的基本原则和有计划程序的总和。现代家庭政策是最重要的社会政策,家庭秩序与家庭福利是国家秩序与社会福利状况的基础。世界主要国家家庭福利政策经历了五个阶段的历史发展:17至19世纪晚期的社会救助和现代家庭政策孕育时代;1871年至一战时期,由德国开创的社会保险时代;1920年代和二战之后,由英国首创的福利国家与社会服务国家时代;1970年代福利国家危机与调整时期;2000年以来,全球化时代下,当代家庭政策面临新型挑战时期。国家家庭政策的重点随着这五个阶段的发展而不断变迁。世界主要国家家庭政策历史经验证明,现代家庭生活与家庭政策具有诸多普世性发展规律。总结这些历史发展规律,分析现代家庭政策框架的内在逻辑关系和结构体系,能为中国特色现代家庭福利政策框架与社会服务体系建设奠定世界历史经验基础。

Family policy refers to the whole series of basic principles and planned programs of the country aiming at influencing or changing the exiting living pattern of the family. Modem family policy is the most important social policy. Family order and family welfare are the basis of national order and social welfare. From the perspective of historical development, we can see that the family welfare policy of all major countries has gone through 5 stages： from 17th century to late 19th century, the incubation period of social aid and modem family policies; from 1871 to the First World War was the period of social insurance initiated by Germany; thirdly, from 1920s to post World War Two, the period of welfare nation and social service oriented nation created by UK; fourthly, the period of 1970s, which is a time of welfare nation crisis and welfare policy adjustment; and fifthly, since entering into the ne~ century, against the backdrop of globalization, more family policy is facing new type of challenges. The priority of family policy changed constantly with the development of the five stages. The history of family policies in major countries have proven that modem family life and family policy enjoy many universal development laws. The summarization of these laws and analysis of the innate logical relationship and structural system of modern family policy framework can lay a basis from the perspective of world historical experience for the construction of modem family welfare policy framework with Chinese characteristics and the social service system.