生物技术在老化油处理中的研究与应用进展

Progress on aged oil treatment by biological technology

随着国内各主力油田开发进入中后期,联合站和储油罐中产生的老化油大幅增加,不仅造成资源浪费且增加了集输系统的运行负担,还成为环境污染和安全生产的重要隐患。本文基于国内外老化油处理的技术现状及矿场实践,从乳状液和油泥两种形态的老化油处理入手,归纳了老化油常用的处理工艺,如外加电场处理、热重力沉降、离心分离、超声波处理、生物处理和氧化破乳-三相分离等,综述了生物处理技术在老化油乳状液破乳中,通过微生物细胞破乳和生物表面活性剂破乳机制可实现油水分离;在老化油脱硫中,通过微生物直接消耗硫化物来降低硫化物含量从而降低导电性,使原油易于脱水处理和回收净化;在含油污泥降解中,通过生物堆肥法处理高烃类的老化油;在含油土壤修复中,通过微生物降解总石油烃来实现污染土壤修复后达到填埋处理标准等最新进展。与传统物理和化学处理方法相比,生物技术具有处理效果好、综合成本低、单位能耗小、无二次污染等优势,具有广阔的开发与应用前景。提出老化油处理新的研究思路和发展方向,并积极探索油田集输系统的创新策略。

The aged oil in treatment station and oil tank has increased dramatically as the exploitation of main domestic oilfields has entered their middle and late periods. It has become not only a waste resource and huge burden for the gathering system,but also one key factor in potential environmental pollution and safety risks if not timely treated. In this paper,we start with emulsion and sludge,the two main physical forms of aged oil,and conclude with the commonly used processes in aging oil treatment including extra electric treatment,thermal gravity settling,centrifugation separation,ultrasonic treatment,biological treatment and oxidative emulsion-three phases separation processes. We review the biological technology in aging oil demulsification through the mechanism of microbial cells and biosurfactant to achieve oil-water separation. In aging oil desulfurization,microbes directly consume sulfide compounds to reduce the sulphide content and thereby reduce the electrical conductivity, making the dehydration treatment and recovery and purification of crude oil easier. In oil sludge degradation,high hydrocarbon oils are treated by biological compost method. In oiled soil remediation,microbes degrade total petroleum hydrocarbons and PAHs to meet the landfill disposal standards after remediation of contaminated soils. Biotechnology has the advantages of low cost,low power consumption,remarkable effect and no secondary pollution,compared with some traditional physical and chemical methods,and therefore has a broad and promising development and application future. Moreover,we propose new research ideas and development directions for the oil aging process, and positively explore innovative strategies for oilfield gathering system.