根区滴灌对干旱山地苹果树生长发育和结实的影响

Effect of Root-area Trickle-irrigation on Growth and Development of Apple Trees at Arid Hilly Region

根区滴灌是将雨水促渗管与传统滴灌相结合而组装集成的一项节水灌溉新技术。为了探讨根区滴灌在山地果园的应用效果,为山地果园的栽培管理提供依据,本文以陕北米脂县6 a生山地红富士苹果树为研究对象,以世界公认的最佳苹果优生区洛川县的降雨量和土壤贮水量为灌水依据,分析了不同灌溉方式对苹果树萌芽、坐果、枝叶生长、果实发育和水分利用效率的影响,以及山地果园土壤水分达到优生区标准后与优生区苹果树生长结果的差异。结果表明,采用根区滴灌能有效提高苹果树的萌芽率和坐果率,萌芽率比传统滴灌提高了2.14%~2.76%,坐果率比传统滴灌提高了0.80%~1.42%;能有效促进苹果树新稍和叶片的生长,新稍长度比传统滴灌提高了1.44%~4.94%,百叶鲜质量比传统滴灌提高了2.13%~4.16%;能显著促进苹果树果实的生长,单果重比传统滴灌增大了7.05~14.99 g,优果率比传统滴灌提高了9.4%~14.7%;能显著提高水分利用效率,灌水量比传统滴灌节约了8.09%,水分利用效率比传统滴灌提高了10.62%~15.30%。可见,根区滴灌技术在陕北黄土丘陵区山地苹果生产中具有广阔的应用效果,但是,单纯依靠人为限量补水,山地苹果还不能达到优生区的生产水平。

The root-area trickle-irrigation is a new water-saving irrigation technology that combines the rainwater infiltration promotion pipe with the traditional trickle-irrigation. In order to discuss the application effect of the root-area trick-irrigation in hillside orchard, explore the difference of apple trees＇ growth and fruit when the soil moisture in hillside orchard reaches standards of the eugenic area and provide basis for the cultivation and man- agement of hillside orchard, six-year Fuji apple trees in hilly areas of Mizhi county Shaanxi province was adopt- ed as the research objects, and the precipitation and the soil water storage capacity of Luochuan County in the world-recognized optimal apple eugenic area was used as the trickle-irrigation basis. The influence of different ir- rigation methods on budding, fruit setting, branch and leave growth, fruit development and water utilization effi- ciency was analyzed, as well as the differences between apple trees in hillside orchard after the soil moisture reaches standards of the eugenic area and apple trees growing in the eugenic area. The results showed that： ① The root-area trickle-irrigation could efficiently improve budding rate and fruit setting rate of apple trees. In this case, with the root-area trickle-irrigation, the budding rate and the fruit setting rate increased by 2.14%-2.76% and 0.80%-1.42% than that of the traditional trickle-in＇igation; ② It could also effectively promote the growth of new shoots and leaves of apple trees. The new shoot length increased by 1.44%-4.94% than the traditional trickle- irrigation. The fresh weight of one hundred leaves increased by 2.13%-4.16%;③It could significantly promote the growth of fruit. Compared with the traditional trick-irrigation, the root-area trickle-irrigation could increase the single fruit weight by 7.05 -14.99 g and increase the excellent fruit ratio by 9.4-14.7%; ④It could significant- ly improve the water utilization efficiency. The amount of irrigation water was saved by 8.09% and water utiliza- tion efficiency increased by 10.63%-15.30% than the traditional one. Thus, the root-area trickle-irrigation tech- nique showed favorable application prospect in the hilly apple production areas in the loess region in North Shaanxi. However, if only relying on the artificial limited watering, apples in hilly areas could not reach the pro- duction level of the eugenic area.