以古为是:钱大昕与“古学”群体的形成、实践及理念

Qian Daxin and the Formation,Practice and Idea of the Ancient Learning Group

惠栋汉学的核心价值是"以古为是",其与相关的信仰和技术系统,共同构成了乾嘉考据学最初的"范式"。这一"范式"对钱大昕、王鸣盛等人的影响至深至远,使之得以迅速地进入到考据学的天地之中。不过,"古学"依旧是当时最主要的称名,并产生了广义和狭义的分化,其中狭义的"古学"即专指汉学而言。而乾隆十九年(1754)的进士考试,不但促成了王鸣盛、钱大昕、纪昀等考据学者的聚集,还推动了"古学"群体的形成。众人随即展开了诸多的学术实践,并共同承担起《五礼通考》的编撰任务。这一系列的事件,意味着考据学即将由边缘走向中央,并逐步取代理学,而成为主流的学术形态。

The core value of the Han-Learning School was to count academic of Han Dynasty as a crite- rion. Together with relev＇ant faith and technology system, it constituted the original paradigm of Qianjia textology. This paradigm generated a profound and lasting impact on Qian Daxin and Wang Mingsheng to concentrate on the study of textology. But the primary appellation was still the Ancient Learning, which e- volved broad and narrow sense. The imperial examinations at 1754 brought Wang Mingsheng, Qian Daxin and Ji Yun together, and then helped to bring about the Ancient Learning group. They immediately carried out numerous practices, and undertook the mission of compiling Wu Li Tong Kao. All the circumstances mean that the textology would transfer from the edge position to the center place, and replace Neo-Confu- cianism gradually, finally turn into the mainstream academic form.