个人性自由决定权的边界——以德国宪法基本权利衍射效力理论为基础

The Boundary of Sexual Freedom: Based on the Theory of Diffraction Effect of the Basic Rights Prescribed in German Constitution

德国联邦宪法法院在解决宪法基本权利冲突案例中发展出宪法基本权利的衍射效力理论。该理论认为个人在行使宪法基本权利时因行为与社会的关联程度不同,行使宪法基本权利行为本身可以区分为核心领域、中间领域和外围领域,不同领域的行为受到宪法的保障程度不同。中国当下的一些热点问题,如同性恋婚姻的合法化、卖淫嫖娼的处理、聚众淫乱罪的认定等,都与个人性自由决定权有关。根据宪法基本权利衍射效力理论,个人性行为因与社会的关联程度不同而有着性质上的区别,法律的规制也不尽相同。同性恋、卖淫嫖娼、聚众淫乱分别属于性自由决定权的核心领域、中间领域和外围领域。宪法对这三种性行为的保障是不一样的,处于核心领域的性自由受宪法保障程度高,处于外围领域的性自由受宪法的保障程度低。政府在规制这些性行为时所受到的限制也不尽相同。

From the cases of constitutional basic rights conflicts,Germany Federal Constitutional Court has developed a theory about the diffraction effect of the basic rights,which refers that,when individuals exercise their rights with a different degree in the correlation of the action with the society,the constitutional basic rights can be divided into core,middle and periphery domains. Different domains of the basic rights are protected by the Constitution at different levels. In China,such hot issues in current discussions as legalising gay marriage,regulating prostitution and being convicted of group licentiousness are related to sexual freedom of individual decisions. Due to correlation degree of sexual acts with the society,sexual freedom is differently defined,so are the laws and regulations concerned. Homosexuality, prostitution and group licentiousness are classified into the kernel,middle and peripheral domains of sexual freedom,respectively. The constitutional protection of the three kinds of sexual behaviors is likewise not the same. While sexual freedom in the core domain is mostly guaranteed by the Constitution,sexual freedom in the peripheral domain is less guaranteed by the Constitution,and,correspondingly,different will be what may limit the government in its regulation of sexual behaviors.