论中国古代关于政治协商的思想观念

On Ideas of Political Consultation in Ancient China

中国古代的政治协商主要体现为"议"。在中国古代的典籍中,记载了很多这种"议政"的实践活动。就参与主体而言,议政活动并不局限于统治集团内部,其范围包容了广大的民众,成为君臣之间、君民之间政治关系的一种普遍形式。古代杰出的思想家对"议政"活动的历史经验进行了深入的思考和总结,揭示了这种政治协商形式对于政权统治和社会治理的积极作用,形成了比较系统的议政思想。在君主集权体制之下,这些议政的思想主要是对于君主及统治集团的若干政治道德的要求,其具体内容体现为"导民使言""从谏如流""兼听明断""去同取和"四个主要方面。

Ancient Chinese political consultation is mainly embodied in ＂discussion ＂. Ancient Chinese classics recorded many practice of ＂political discussion＂. As far as the subject is concerned, political discussions are not limited within the ruling group, but also include the broad masses of the people, it has become a common form between monarch and courtiers, or monarch and people. Outstanding ancient thinkers deeply thought and summarized historical experiences of political discussion, then revealed the positive role of the form of political negotiations for the regime and social governance. They formed sci- entific system of political discussion. Under the system of monarch centralization of state power, these kind of thoughts are mainly requirements for the monarch and the political morality of the ruling group, which mainly expressed as four major aspects： ＂Leading the people to comment＂, ＂Following advices like the flowing＂, ＂Hearing broadly and judging judiciously＂ and ＂Rejecting Identity and taking Harmony＂.