民主治理如何可能——从村民自治到社区自治的考察

How Can the Democratic Governance Work?:From Villager Self-Governance to Community Self-Governance

人民公社解体后,广大农村地区的基层治理体制和治理方式亟待改变,村民自治应运而生。30多年来,以"四大民主"为主体的村治制度日益完善,选举流程日益规范,选举范围日益扩展,民主化治理方式不断创新,对乡村及整个国家的政治民主化产生广泛而深远的积极影响。时至今日,此种建立在严格的户籍和土地边界基础之上,组织封闭、经社不分、城乡分割的基层体制,与当前快速工业化、城镇化、市场化、信息化和现代化过程中农村土地、人口和资源大规模流动日益不适应。随着农村社区建设从典型实验走向全面展开,社区自治——这一新型的基层治理形态更加具有开放性等多元特征,不仅是现实且必需的选择,也意味着基层民主治理步入新阶段。

The villager self-governance is the transformation and innovation of grassroots governance system in rural areas after the disintegration of people＇s commune. Villager self-governance system and democratic electoral system have become increasingly standardized over the past three decades. Apart from that, range of competitive elections continues to be expanded and democratic governance continues to he innovated. This makes an extensive and far-reaching positive impact on the countryside and the national political democratization. However, the grassroots system that is based on a strict system of census register and land border, which has caused the isolation between urban and rural, the confusion of economy and society as well as the sealing of society, is in conflict with the large scale flow of rural land, population and resource in the process of current rapid industrialization, urbanization, marketization, informatization and modernization. Along with community construction in rural areas, community self-governance as a governance form that is more open, inclusive, integrated and cohesive than villager self-governance, is a realistic and necessary choice. Besides, it has become a new form and a new stage of grassroots democratic governance in China.