内蒙古图牧吉国家级自然保护区水鸟的资源状况

The Surveys on Waterbird Population in Tumuji National Nature Reserve,Inner Mogonlia,China

2014年5月—2015年4月,对内蒙古图牧吉国家级自然保护区水鸟群落特征和时空分布的特点,以及迁徙状况进行了研究,以期开展对鸟类资源及其栖息环境的保护。根据保护区地形和水系分布特点,选择了27个水鸟集中分布的地点,每月调查1次,共调查12次。共记录到水鸟7目14科58种。保护区4月水鸟数量达到全年的最高值,5—8月水鸟数量和种类随之降低;10月水鸟数量明显增加;12月至翌年3月,保护区除了大鸨Otis tarda,几乎看不到其他水鸟。大鸨数量的高峰期出现在晚冬2月和春季迁徙季节(3—5月)。保护区春、秋季的主要物种是雁鸭类,水鸟数量和多样性的变化与雁鸭类的种类和数量变化密切相关,这些水鸟主要分布在图牧吉泡子、三道泡子和东泡子等地,当地拥有大面积的沼泽如芦苇沼泽和苔草沼泽,是雁鸭类取食和栖息的理想场所。环志回收的结果表明:保护区繁殖的白枕鹤Grus vipio和丹顶鹤G.japonensis分别在日本鹿儿岛和我国江苏盐城越冬;繁殖的部分苍鹭Ardea cinerea个体在浙江舟山地区越冬;部分在黑龙江省兴凯湖繁殖的东方白鹳Ciconia boyciana在越冬地找到配偶,一起迁徙到保护区进行繁殖。

The community and spatiotemporal distribution of waterbirds in Tumuji National Nature Reserve,Inner Mongolia were studied from May 2014 to April 2015. Twenty-seven sites were chosen based on the vegetation types,the river stream,and waterbird cluster in the reserve. A total of 58 species belonging to 14 families and 7 orders were recorded. The annual peak number of waterbirds was observed in April,while the numbers of individual and species decreased from May to August,followed by a significant increase of number in October. However,only great bustards（ Otis tarda） were found from December to the next March. Peak number of O. tarda occurred from February to May. The most abundant species in the migration season（ spring and autumn） were geese and ducks,and the number of which were correlated with the size and diversity of waterbirds in the whole area. Tumuji wetland,Sandao wetland and Dong wetland,which had large areas of marshes,were the most ideal feeding and resting habitats of geese and ducks. Banding recoveries indicated that white-naped cranes（ Grus vipio） and red-crowned cranes（ G. japonensis） reproduced in the reserve,and then migrated to Kagoshima（ Japan） and Yancheng（ Jiangsu province,China） for wintering,respectively; some breeding gray herons（ Ardea cinerea）in the reserve migrated to Zhoushan（ Zhejiang province,China） for wintering; there were also some oriental white storks（ Ciconia boyciana） which first wintered in Xingkaihu Lake（ Heilongjiang province） and then breeding in the reserve.