旅游体验共睦态:一个情境机制的多维类属分析

The Communitas of Tourist Experience: A Multi-dimensional Category Analysis of Situational Dynamics

与以往的旅游体验研究不同,本文将"共睦态"这一源自仪式理论的范畴引入到旅游体验研究中,使旅游体验的研究对象从传统主流针对个体旅游者体验的抽象研究扩展至对群体旅游者体验的微观社会学层面,从而为旅游体验研究增加了新的问题域。本文基于情境的相关理论,以群体旅游者的旅游体验为研究对象,通过对群体旅游者的访谈获得了相关的文本资料,并遵循扎根理论的研究方法,对访谈文本进行编码、归纳,最终分析出旅游体验共睦态的多维类属。研究发现,在支撑旅游体验共睦态形成的维度层面,不仅有空间、时间、人和物这四类基本维度,而且还在此基础上延伸有多层级的亚维度及其组合。为了探测这些维度或因素的相互关联形式和作用机理,本文进一步从场域、关系和程式三个核心范畴对旅游体验共睦态形成的情境机制做出进一步分析,并对旅游体验共睦态这一范畴做了概念性界定,以期为相关领域的科学研究提供一个基础性概念框架。

In the last two decades, tourist Experience has become a more and more popular academic area in tourism research. By reviewing the related literature, the authors find that there are very few literatures related to the explanation of the concept of communitas in tourism experience, both at home and abroad. Most of those literatures on this topic are about the specific description and some view explanations for the communitas phenomenon. Some studies have been devoted to focus on individual experiences rather than on group experience. The aim of this re- search is different from that of the traditional academic interests. This paper employs the concept of communitas, which is originally a major concept in ritual theory, to develop theoretical model. This effort helps the researcher to change their perspective from individual experience to group experience. Focused on the core concept of eommunitas in group tourist experience, this research not only adds a new subject to the area of tourism experience studies, but also come to some scientific findings including examining the dimensions which explain mechanism and interactional influence of communitas situation. In this paper, the authors treat tourist groups who ever visited the Inner-Mongoli- an grassland as the object of research, and use the text of interview as the data of analysis, and raise their points of view in the context of tourism experience situation. The whole process of the research follows the rules and methods of grounded theory, which finally gives some multi-dimensional categories for the communitas in tourism experi- ence. This process includes three steps of coding： open coding, axis coding, and selective coding. The major di- mensions discovered in this research are time, space, material, and people, which interact mechanically each other usually in a special field of tourist experience. The findings also include some second level dimensions under the a- bove four major dimensions. For the dimension of material, there are still two more sub-dimensions which relate to conceptual and useful tools. For the dimension of space, there are three sub-dimensions which relate to geographical positions, tourist areas, and scenic landscapes. For the dimension of people, there are four sub-dimensions relate to role, psychology, interpersonal relations, and physiology. When tourists play their roles in the field of experience, two roles emerge as the key factors which lead to communitas： the evokers and the responders. The behaviors ob- served by the research are practice, actions, and interactions. Concerning the factor of psychology of tourists, there are three sub-factors, intentions, emotions, and affections. The number of people and the interrelationship account for the factore of people. This relationship usually is constructed among friends, families, colleagues, classmates, and lovers. There is no sub-dimension to the dimension of time. This paper gives some detailed explanations to the relationships among those different levels of factors. In this paper, the authors also undertake a further analysis for the situational dynamics of the formation of communitas in tourism experience, which are related to three dimen- sions as field, relationship and program individually. Based on the model of the three factors or dimensions of tourist experience, the authors insist that tourist field is active and evolutionary, which is keeping changing with the in- volvement of tourists. The relationship among different stakeholders influences the direction and nature of the chan- ges in tourist field, where the program employed in the field of touris experience also plays a major role. In addi- tion, the authors define communitas in tourism experience as a type of resonant and transference experience state, which forms in a group interaction situation where tourists follow a constructed program by role-playing at their physical presence. By analyzing and concluding the concept of communitas of tourism experience systematically, the authors argue that the concept of communitas would play a very important role in the research of tourist experience, and hope that the research, conducted in this regard may provide a basic conceptual framework for further research in relevant field.