对虾白斑综合征病毒免疫防治研究进展

Research advance of immunology prevention of shrimp white spot syndrome virus

对虾白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus,WSSV)是一种引起养殖对虾爆发性死亡的病毒,由于它宿主范围广、蔓延速度快以及致死率高,已经成为对虾养殖中的第一杀手,因此有效防治WSSV爆发在水产养殖中具有重要意义并极具挑战性。本文主要介绍WSSV基因组以及结构蛋白、对虾WSSV免疫机制、对虾WSSV疫苗研究进展,以及我国对虾养殖中WSSV防治措施,认为对虾WSSV疫苗将是今后对虾大规模养殖中病害防治的一种重要手段。

White spot syndrome virus （WSSV） has emerged as one of the most virulent, widespread and lethal virus known to most shrimp farming areas in the world. WSSV is highly lethal to most of commercially cultivated penaeid shrimp species. WSD caused by WSSV emerged in the east Asia in 1992 - 1993 and it was quickly dispersed across the Asian continent to the Southeast Asia, Thailand, southeastern Europe, India, the Middle East and USA where it caused a major pandemic, and continued to cause large economic losses to shrimp aquaculture industry. An acute outbreak of WSD （white spot disease ） can cause a cumulative mortality up to 100% within 3 - 10 days in cultured shrimp. WSSV has a broad host range among decapod crustaceans and is reported to infect aquatic animals that include marine and brackish water crustaceans, crabs, penaeids, freshwater prawns and crayfish. Thus effective prevention of the outbreak of WSSV has the vital significance in aquaculture and it＇ s full of challenge. So far, domestic and foreign researchers have gradually deepened understanding of the WSSV, focused on the development of some drugs and made some breakthrough. Several achievements have been attained in preventing and controlling the WSSV. In the paper, we illuminated the genome and structural protein of WSSV in the first place. And we introduced the immune mechanism of shrimp. There is a commonly accepted opinion that shrimp only has innate immune response, but the dispute between specific immunity and innate immune response exists. The paper also discussed the relevant methods of prevention and control of the shrimp WSSV. Finally, we suggested that vaccination trials should attract more attention than others in the shrimp industry after we analyzed the characteristics of several vaccines. In addition, oral vaccination of shrimp against WSSV has great application potential for field use in large-scale production.