中国新一轮国有企业改革与职工下岗、失业关系研究

Research on the Relationship between the New Round of the Reform of the State-Owned Enterprises and the Unemployment

在20世纪90年代末伴随着以建立现代企业制度为目标的国有企业改革,我国出现了严重的职工下岗潮和失业率攀升的现象,但并不意味着国有企业改革必然导致职工下岗潮。20世纪末我国出现的下岗潮是由多方面的原因造成的。与当时情况相比,目前国有企业职工总数、冗余职工、需要下岗分流的职工人数都已大量减少,我国产业结构已经明显优化,经济增长创造就业岗位的能力显著提高,第二、三产业就业岗位的弹性系数较大,拉动就业的能力更强,非公有制经济吸纳再就业的能力也显著提升。同时,城镇新进入劳动力市场的新增人口不断减少,刘易斯拐点和民工荒的出现,表明就业市场供需关系已经发生了显著改变。该文通过分析认为,我国新一轮国有企业改革不会导致职工下岗潮和失业率攀升。最后,该文提出了应分步骤、分时段、分区域渐进性的推进新一轮国有企业改革,兼顾就业市场供需平衡,着重推动创新创业以增加就业岗位,维护就业市场稳定的政策建议。

Despite the serious laid-offs caused by the Chinese reform of the state-owned enterprises to establish modern enterprise system during the late 1990 s,the reform does not mean the rising unemployment rate all the time.The laid-off in 1990 sis caused by many reasons.With the reduction of the total employees,redundant and laid-off workers and the adjustment of industrial structure,Chinese economic growth significantly creates job capacity and increases the employment elasticity coefficient of the secondary and tertiary industries,stimulating Chinese employment ability especially within the non-public economy.Meanwhile the decrease of the new entrants and labor into cities and towns and the emergence of Lewis turning point indicate that the relation between the supply and the demand in labor market has changed.It is concluded that the new round of the reform of the state-owned enterprises will not bring about the rising unemployment rate.It is advisible to carry out the reform step by step,balance the supply and the demand of labor,focus on the new employment ability among innovative industries and thus maintain stable job market.