《庄子》内篇中的“德”

“Virtue” of Chuang Tzu Inner Chapters

《庄子》内篇中有大量关于"德"的论述,其内涵丰富而立体,与"道"同构。首先,德与形是可分离的,这一思想可以概括为"徳不形"。德、形分离的背后是内、外两个领域的划分,有德者在两个领域分别有不同的表现。德不形与"道在屎溺"同理,意在强调德的独立实在性。其次,"德"还包含着对个体生命困境的应对,即如何全生,这一思想可概括为"支离其德"。支离其德是德自身的隐匿,而德之隐与道之隐是同步的。最后,能够完全合于道的是真人之德,真人"无己",故能"磅礴万物以为一"。这体现了"道通为一"。无论在哪个层面,内篇中的"德"都很难被归为道德概念,毋宁说它是非道德的或超道德的,这正体现了庄子思想的独特性。

Chuang Tzu inner chapters have discussed a lot about the 'virtue',which is rich in content and perspective,be isomorphic with 'Tao'.Firstly,virtue can be separated with shape,the idea can be summarized as 'virtue is not shape'.The background of separation of virtue and shape is the division of the interior and the exterior,the virtuous person have different performances in two areas respectively.Virtue is not shape has the common sense with 'Daotongshini',focus on the independent reality of virtue.Secondly, 'Virtue' also contains a response to the plight of individual life,this idea can be summarized as 'irrelevant with virtue'.Irrelevant with virtue is the hideaway of virtue,but the hidden of virtue and hidden of Tao is synchronized.Lastly,the virtue of real man can completely suitable for the tao,the real man 'without self',so it can 'all things incorporate into one '.It embodies the 'One'.No matter which level,in the article of 'virtue' of inner chapters is difficult to be classified as moral concepts,rather is a moral or amoral,it reflects the uniqueness of Chuang Tzu's thoughts.