东周时代的龙凤文化与轴心突破

Dragon-Phoenix Culture and Axial Breakthrough in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty

自德国哲学家雅斯贝尔斯提出人类思想突破的"轴心时代"之说以来,对于"轴心时代"的解释与概念运用日趋广泛,虽多争议,但作为奠定了包括西方两希、中国、印度、波斯在内几大文明的精神深度与基本风貌的思想背景,其重要性自不待言。在先秦中国的轴心时代突破过程中,原来具有强烈"小传统"色彩的文化符号被赋予了新的含义,笔者选取了龙、凤这两种史前和殷周时代即已出现并流行的古老观念为例,将其纳入到儒、墨、道不同学派所代表的轴心突破过程中进行考察。在前轴心时代,龙、凤更多只是古老小传统的元素,与巫覡的世界观、萨满式的飞升等信仰联系在一起。但在轴心突破过程中,无论是儒、墨还是道家,都给龙、凤赋予并注入了新的人文主义含义,提升了其承载的精神品质。它们不再是简单的巫覡道具,而是成为了与"道"、"圣"、"仁"等高度超越的精神含义紧密联系在一起的新象征,从而完成了向"大传统"的上升。

Since the German philosopher Karl Jaspers who proposed the theory of 'Axial Time' which was the breakthrough for the human ideology.Even though the interpretations and conceptions of 'Axial Time' have had extensive applications which are controversial,as the background of depth of thoughts and basic style of civilizations including Greece and Hebrew,China,India,and Persians,the significance is obviously.In the process of axial time breakthrough in pre-Qin Dynasty,those originally strong traditional cultural symbols were endowed with new meanings,the author takes dragon and phoenix which have met with great favor in pre-history and Yin-Zhou time as the example,incorporates the processes of axial breakthroughs of Confucianism,Mohism,Taoism and other different schools,and investigates.During the Pre-axial time,dragon and phoenix just factors of ancient tradition,bound up with wizard's world outlook and the rising of Shaman type.However,in the process of axial breakthrough,wheteher Confucianism,Mohism or Taoism,all of them attached new sense of humanism to dragon and phoenix,improved the spiritual quality of them.They were not the simple wizard's tool anymore,but became new symbol which incorporated in Taoism,sage and righteousness,completed the rise to 'Big tradition'.