方氏学派的质测通几观念批判

A Critique on the Epistemology of “Zhice Tongji”of Fang Yizhi School

清初方以智为代表的方氏学派借鉴明末徐光启倡导的格物穷理之学,形成质测通几之学,对后世影响巨大。方氏学派在本体论上以气为本体,遵循公因、正因与反因三者的对立统一规律,演化万物;在认识论上坚持质测通几观念。质测是对事物现象的实测,通几则是在质测基础上,由"数"而知"度",从而达到对事物神几的认识。其认识论上的本质主义追求及神秘度数观使其经验主义认识观念未能贯彻到底,从而走向了神秘主义。这也导致清初朴学经验主义追求的半途而废。

Fang Yizhi School published their theory of Zhicetongji in Early Qing,and affected the coming scholars of textology greatly,by learning much more from the theory of Gewuqiongli suggested by Xu Guangqi in Late Ming. In ontology,they suggested Qi is the noumenon,and forms everything by the law of unity of opposites of Gongyin,Zhengyin,and Fanyin. On Epistemology,they suggested ideas of Zhice and Tongji. Zhice means empirical studies on the objective phenomenon; Tongji means learning the mysterious entity by Shu and Du acquired in Zhice. Their essentialist approach of epistemology and mystic ideas of Du and Shu blocked the way to carry through empiricism. That is also one reason for Qing scholars of textology gived up the empiricism.