基层的土地制度创新:都市边缘区农地大规模流转的特征与机制——基于广州市白云区百村调查

The Institutional Innovation of Landuse System from Village: An Analysis of Questionnaire about Agricultural Land Large Scale Circulation for One Hundred Villages in Urban Fringe of Guangzhou

新一轮土地改革的目标是实现农地产权结构由"两权分离"走向"三权分立",城乡规划学科也应加强对农村社会经济变迁的摸查,以利于城乡统筹发展及乡村规划探索。本文以广州市白云区北部三镇的村小组(经济社)为空间单元,调查农村社会经济变迁及农地市场发育情况。调查发现:(1)大部分经济社已经实现了收入非农化及农业生产主体的非本地化;(2)农业总体处于"城郊型"阶段,生产组织化和专业化程度不高,生计导向型与收益导向型两种模式并存;(3)农地的小规模租赁市场普遍,但地权细碎化且调整频繁,农地向专业合作社及农业龙头企业等先进生产组织流转比例不高;(4)农地大规模流转介于14%到35.01%之间,市场需求推动了农地"承包权"与"经营权"相分离及自下而上的制度创新,促进了农地大规模流转,且制度创新在空间分布上具有一定的相似性。

A new round of land reform is to achieve the goal of ＂separation of the three rights＂ of the agricultural land property from the ＂separation of two rights＂, urban and rural planning. Villages of three towns in the north of Baiyun District of Guangzhou City （Rural economic cooperatives organization） are setted as basic space unit, to analyse their non-agriculturalization economic development and investigate the agricultural land marketization. The survey found that： （i） Most economic cooperatives in urban fringe have abstained income from non-agricultural industry, the main agricultural production was made by nonlocal officer, and most of agricultural production are grain crops. （ii）Overall in the suburban agriculture stage, the organization of production and specialization degree is not high, and there exist the coexistence of livelihood-oriented model and profit oriented model. （iii） The small scale of agricultural land rental market is generally low. （iiii） The spatial distribution of land mass transfer, agricultural professional cooperatives and agricultural enterprise carry the very similar characteristic.