促进19世纪德国大学中科学增长的制度因素分析

The Institutional Factors on the Growth of Scientific Research in Germany Universities in the 19th Century

19世纪德国大学科学研究的增长是文化重塑和制度变革之间互相联系、互相形塑的过程。其中,新人文主义者的"科学"和"修养"的理念是"文化-认知性"制度要素,它确立了学术人员"学问至上"的共同信念,形成了大学科学研究发展的伦理和认识论基础;以研修班为代表的基层学术体制,和学术取向的教师评价制度,以及学术职业阶梯制度,完成了德国大学"科学"从理念到制度的跨越,形成大学科学研究增长的制度核心;基于学术市场的竞争机制构成了外部的制度环境,为整个德国大学系统提供弹性和活力。

The growth of scientific research in Germany universities in the 19th century was the interrelated and mutually shaped process from the culture reshaping and institutional changes. The concept of Wissenschaft and Bildung initiated by the new humanists, was the institutional factor of culture-cognition, which settled the academic-oriented faith of all the faculty and established the ethics and epistemological basis for the university scientific research development; the basic-level academic institution as the seminar, the academic- oriented faculty evaluation system, and the academic professional ladder realized the stride from the concept to the institution, forming the institutional core of scientific research development; the external institutional environment based on the competition of academic market, promoted the academic mobility and vitality of Germany university system.