中国传统村落空间分布特征分析

Analysis on the spatial distribution characteristics of Chinese traditional villages

传统村落是中国传统文化遗产的重要载体。本文以2012年以来住房和城乡建设部公布的3批共2555个传统村落为研究对象,通过GIS技术与方法,分析中国传统村落的空间分布特征,探讨传统村落分布与地形、人口、经济、交通、城市格局之间的关系。研究发现:(1)中国传统村落空间分布的区域差异明显,并已形成四大集聚区;(2)不同海拔高程地区传统村落的留存保护情况有所不同,高海拔地区传统村落分布较多;(3)地区人口是传统村落保护和传承的基础,但并不具有明显的相关关系;(4)地区经济发展与传统村落的保护在理论上并不矛盾,各地应寻找保护传统村落的合适路径;(5)交通发达程度与传统村落数量之间存在一定程度的负相关关系;(6)现存的传统村落多分布在城市边缘或远离城市中心的地区。

Chinese traditional villages built before 1980 are the carrier of farming civilization and traditional cultural heritage. Traditional villages formed during diffeient historical periods and under specific geographical conditions reflect the economic, political, cultural, and other social aspects during their development. However, with the rapid progress of urbanization, traditional villages are disappearing. Protecting these villages is of significant importance in modern society. Based on the list of traditional villages published by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, 2555 villages were selected as the research object of this study. By using GIS technology and kernel density analysis, nearest neighbor analysis, and Anselin local Moran＇ s I, this article analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics of Chinese traditional villages, examining the relationship between the spatial distribution of traditional villages and terrain, population, economy, traffic, and urban spatial pattern. The result shows that： （1） The spatial distribution of traditional villages clearly varies among different regions of China and four concentrated areas are found in the Hebei-Shangdong-Henan border area, Anhui- Zhejiang-Jiangxi border area, Guizhou- Guangxi-Hunan border area, and northwest Yunnan; （2） Higher altitude （over 500 m） is conducive to the preservation of traditional villages; （3） Population is the basis for the existence and continuation of traditional villages, but does not have a significant correlation; （4） The relationship between regional economic development, transportation development and traditional village preservation should be further studied. On the one hand, economic backwardness and low accessibility through transportation provide an environment conducive for the protection of traditional villages. On the other hand, the development of regional economy and transportation are not necessarily an obstacle for protecting traditional villages; （5） There is a certain degree of negative correlation between the level of traffic development and the number of traditional villages; （6） Spatially, existing traditional villages are often located far from the center of cities, or in urban fringe.