马克思主义本义研究——兼以反思20世纪社会主义国家在解放农民问题上的实践

A Study on the Fundamental Essence of Marxism——With An Analysis of the Socialist Country's Practice of the Liberation of Peasants in the 20th Century

马克思主义的本义是"人的自由发展"。在迈向最终目标的漫长征途中,农民的自由发展是"人的自由发展"的尺度。马克思、恩格斯原则上设想了农民通向自由发展的道路。世界上第一个社会主义国家苏联74年而终的历史表明,农业集体化不是引导农民走向自由发展的正确道路。毛泽东在解放农民问题上,新民主主义革命阶段,没有仿效苏联的做法,因而取得新民主主义革命的完胜;实现国家工业化时,由于仿效斯大林的做法,于是出现了波折。中国实行改革开放,撤销了人民公社这一捆绑农民的制度设置,回归马克思主义的本义,既让农民自由地在国际大市场的竞争中搏击风浪,又不断完善普惠性的民生保障。农村城镇化和扶贫是中国共产党在建设中国特色社会主义中,引导农民走向"人的自由发展"的创造,摸索出通向"人的自由发展"的现实道路。

the fundamental essence of Marxism was the pursuit of ＂the free development of men＂. In the long course pursuing the ultimate goal, the free development of peasants served as an important measurement of evaluating the ＂free development of men＂. Marx and Engels both provided theoretical assumptions for the realization of free development of peasants. The 74-year history of the first so-cialist country Soviet Union suggested that the agricuhural collec＇-tivization was not a proper way of leading peasant to free develop-ment. During the New-Democratic Revolution period, Mao Zedong didn＇t follow the Soviet mode in peasant liberation and finally gained the victory of the New Democratic Revolution. As tile process of national industrialization served as an imitation of the Stalin mode, it was full of setbacks and recessions. Later the opening-up policy made peasants free from irrational regulations of ＂People＇s Commune＂ and brought the country back to the fundamental essence of Marxism. Chi-nese peasants were given more freedom to compete in international market and benefited from a prevalent livelihood-oriented social se-curity system. The course of rural urbanization and poverty-relief system served as the Party＇s critical efforts in leading peasants to a ＂free development＂ in building socialism with Chinese character-istics with the exploration on real ways of ＂the free development of men＂.