微创技术在中国结直肠肿瘤手术中应用的历史与发展趋势

History and development trend of minimally invasive surgery for colorectal cancer in China

历经20余年发展，以腹腔镜为主流的微创技术在结直肠肿瘤外科中的应用发生了翻天覆地的变化。微创结直肠肿瘤手术在我国经历了探索起步期和规范推广期的快速发展阶段后，现正处于高位平台期。当今，腹腔镜利用其得天独厚的＂高清、放大＂视觉优势，加上一系列腹腔镜下完整系膜切除关键技术的逐渐确立以及手术器械和方法的不断改进，使结直肠手术淋巴清扫时层面的显露、血管的裸化以及神经的保护等方面均达到了精准化和标准化操作水平。消化道重建当前应用最广泛的还是腹腔镜辅助消化道重建。腹腔镜手术的首选入路主要为中间入路，但随着对膜解剖理论的深入认识，在中间入路的基础上，衍生出了应用于右半结肠手术的＂完全中间入路＂、＂联合中间入路＂、＂翻页式中间入路＂和＂尾侧中间入路＂以及应用于直肠乙状结肠手术的＂头侧中间入路＂等新形式；而随着经自然腔道内镜手术（NOTES）技术的应用，完全经肛入路、经腹经肛手术应运而生，但目前仍处于探索阶段。目前，对手术操作平台的关注热点相对较为集中在3D腹腔镜手术和机器人腹腔镜手术方面。而在手术技术方面，近年来发展较为成熟的微创技术还包括单孔腹腔镜技术和双镜联合技术等。因此，我们在对胃肠微创手术的未来充满信心的同时，更应该放慢脚步认真思考和探索：哪些是我们需要聚焦及关注的热点与难点问题？进一步创新的方向又在哪里？在科技飞速发展的今天，蓄势待发的微创技术之新一轮颠覆性革命或许离我们已经并不遥远了！

With the development in past 20 years, the utilization of the laparoscopic surgery, which is the main trend in minimally invasive surgery for colorectal cancer, has tremendously changed. Minimally invasive surgery for colorectal cancer is now at a high level platform after going through the exploration at the very beginning and rapid development in the period of standardizing and promoting the regulations. Nowadays, the unique advantage that the laparoscopy owns is high definition and enlargement of the image, along with the establishment of the key note in series of laparoscopic complete mesocolic excision and the improvement of surgical instruments and methods make the operation skills accurate and normative in exploration of correct plane, high ligation of vessels and protection of nerve during the lymph node dissection of colorectal surgery. Currently, the most common procedure widely used in reconstruction of gastrointestinal（GI） tract is still laparoscopy- assisted approach. The frequent reconstruction of GI tract in rectal cancer surgery is double stapling technique, coloanal anastomosis by hand-sewn technique and the laparoscopic reconstruction of GI tract based on NOSE. At present, the most reconstructions of GI tract, including reconstruction by instrument and by hand-sewn are operated extracorporeally by pulling out the colon through the small incision, which is used to extract specimen. Although compared with the traditional reconstruction of GI tract, the complete laparoscopic excision has the advantage that the incision is smaller, it is more expensive. The preference approach of laparoscopic surgery is mainly medial approach, but with further understanding of CME, TME and the basic of medial approach, the new approaches like total medial approach, hybrid medial approach and caudal approach applied in fight hemicolectomy and cephalad medial approach applied in rectal cancer have derived. As the introduction of NOTES, transanal TME and transanal transabdominal TME emerged but the experience is still primitive. Now, the focus points about the surgical operation platform relatively concentrate on 3D laparoscopic surgery and robotic surgery, while about the surgical techniques, the minimally invasive surgery techniques which are well developed in recent years are single incision laparoscopy and combined endoscopy-laparoscopic surgery, etc. When we are confident about the future of laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgery, it is necessary for us to slow down and think some questions seriously. What is the hot-point and challenge we need to focus on？ What aspect is the innovation needed？ With the help of rapidly developed technology, the new round overturning revolution in minimally invasive surgery techniques perhaps is going to emerge.