中国工程类大学毕业生2015年度就业分析

Employment Analysis of China's Engineering Graduates in 2015

本文基于麦可思就业调查数据,从短期就业状况、中期职业提升、长期发展潜力这三个维度分析了中国工程类大学毕业生2015年度的就业现状,对部分关键指标进行解读。纵向来看,十二五期间从2011届到2015届工程类大学毕业生就业率基本持平,平均月收入跑赢通货膨胀,就业满意度有所上升。横向来看,与同届非工程类大学毕业生相比,本科的工程类毕业生在就业率、平均月收入、专业相关度、离职率上略有优势,但这些优势在缩小;高职除了平均月收入之外,在其余指标上已被同届非工程类毕业生追平或赶超。这表明伴随着制造业疲软的趋势,工程类高职毕业生面临的就业压力较为突出,其中在交通工具制造业的比例有所上升,但在电子电气仪器设备及电脑制造业、媒体、信息及通信产业和机械五金制造业的就业比例都出现明显下降。工程类毕业生在其它行业的就业状况也出现了分化:与石油、煤炭、建筑、食品等传统产业相关的专业类(例如本科的地矿类,高职的土建施工类与食品类)受到冲击较大,面临毕业生就业率低、就业满意度低、毕业三年后收入涨幅低等挑战;与互联网等战略新兴产业相关的专业类(例如本科的电气信息类,高职的通信类等)则在这些就业指标上具有优势。

Based on MyCOS survey data, the paper conducts an employment analysis of China＇s engineering graduates in 2015 from three perspectives, including the short-term employment, the medium-term career promotion and the long-term development potential, and it illustrates partial key indexes. From 2011 to 2015, engineering graduates remain stable in employment rates, beat inflation with their increasing monthly salaries and enjoy a rise in job satisfaction. Compared with non-engineering graduates of the same year, engineering graduates of 4-year universities have small advantages as higher employment rate, higher monthly salary, better major-job match, and lower turnover rate. However, the advantages are shrinking. For engineering graduates of 3-year vocational colleges, such advantages have disappeared or even reverse, except higher salary. The trend of sluggish manufacturing industry indicates that pressure for engineering graduates of 3-year colleges to improve skills is rising. The declining trend in manufacture（except a rising transportation equipment manufacture）affects the labor market of engineering graduates and transforms it into a divided world, majors in Geology ＆ Mining of 4-year universities or Food of 3-year vocational colleges are challenged to find a satisfactory job in oil, coal, construction, food and other traditional industries with low employment rate, low job satisfaction and low salary rise; majors in Telecommunication of 3-year vocational colleges or Electronic Engineering ＆ Information Technology of 4-year universities have a strong market demand in internet and other strategically emerging industries.