官府与民间的离合：清末四川基层书院改办学堂的历程

Separation and Unity of Government and Civil Society:A History of Changing Local Academy to School in Late Qing Dynasty Sichuan Province

清末四川基层书院正处于发展兴盛之期,就面临改革的命运。新政初期地方官对此大都观望敷衍,一些场镇还以为官府要倡兴书院。随后朝廷从变通书院转向舍弃书院方式,并用划一章程来规制办学。但遵章办事尚未形成习惯,对书院如何改办,地方上仍自有主张,且钦定、奏定章程从名词素语到办学方式几乎是全新事物,一些地方对改办学堂手足无措。科举将停罢的消息,在较大程度上推进了书院改办学堂,但一些地方要待到废科举后才真正认真落实。此后在官府的压力下,学堂更具形式,而民间总试图保留某些书院色彩。到筹备立宪阶段,一些地方甚至请求裁撤由书院改办而来的学堂。清末书院改办学堂,主要因外来标准成为庙堂上"正确"的准绳。这一改革过程,充满官府与民间的分歧,亦可从一个侧面揭示清末俗与制、上与下、新与旧之间关系的变化。

In late Qing Dynasty, the local academies in Sichuan were faced with a fate of reform while thriving in development, At the first stage of new administration, local officials adopted a perfunctory attitude, and peolpe mistook it for governments＇ sponsoring of running academies. Then the royal court ordered to dismiss academies and to establish schools according to unified regulations. As there was not a habit of abiding by regulations, local people have their own idea for reforming academies. Besides, the royal order and regulations were totally new things, thus the local people were at a loss. The news that the imperial civil examination would soon be abolished gave an impetus to changing academy to school, but, at some places, it was actually carried out only after the abolishment of imperial civil examination, _After that, under the pressure of government, schools were in better forms, but the civil society would always try to keep some shades of academy. At the stage of preparing constitution, some local propositions even pleaded for dismissing schools. In this process of reform, there were a lot of disputes between government and civil society, chiefly because that the foreign standards were taken as the only ＂correct＂ ones, which reveals a change of relationship between habits and institutions, upper stratum and lower stratum, and the new and the old in late Qing Dynasty.