尿外泌体在肾脏疾病的研究进展

Advances in the Urinary Exosomes in Renal Diseases

外泌体是细胞主动分泌到微环境中直径为30～100 nm的双层质膜结构的囊泡。随着技术的不断发展,人们发现外泌体可广泛分布于各种体液中,其含有的母细胞来源的蛋白质、核酸等物质不仅能反映来源细胞的生理状态,还可能在生理和疾病状态下的细胞间通讯过程中发挥重要作用。本文主要介绍尿外泌体的生物学特性及其可作为肾脏疾病的新兴生物学标志物、干预治疗目标和靶向治疗载体的潜力,概述目前存在的问题及展望该液体活检的临床应用前景。

Cells secrete around 30-100 nm membrane-enclosed vesicles that are released into the extracellular spaceis termed exosomes（ EXs）. EXs widely present in body fluids and incorporated proteins,nucleic acids that reflect the physiological state of their cells of origin and they may play an important role in cell-to-cell communication in various physiological and disease processes. In this article we review the recent basic and clinical studies in urinary EXs in renal diseases,focusing on their biological characteristics and potential roles as new biological markers,intervention treatment goals,and targeted therapy vectors in renal diseases. However,some issues still exist; in particular,the clinical application of EXs as a liquid biopsy technique warrants further investigations.