外来寄生虫入侵及其对土著宿主的影响

Invasion of Alien Parasites and Its Impacts on Native Hosts

生物入侵严重威胁着土著物种和生物多样性,外来物种带来的寄生虫入侵问题也应该引起相应的重视。结合外来寄生虫的入侵案例,阐述了寄生虫的引入、种群建立和宿主转移等入侵过程。通常寄生虫入侵后,致病力会变得更大,有些会直接引起土著宿主的死亡,有些间接引起宿主死亡,有的则引起繁殖力下降,从而降低土著宿主的群落多样性,讨论了寄生虫入侵的管理和控制。

Biological invasion is a major threat to native species and biodiversity. Invasive parasites are introduced with the alien hosts and also considered as invasive species. In this paper,parasites invading processes including species introduction,population establishment and host switching were summarized by analyzing invasion cases of exotic parasites. Generally,the invasive parasites were more virulent in native hosts than in the co-introduced alien host. Some invasive parasites resulted in direct or indirect death of native hosts and some species decreased reproduction ability of native hosts populations,consequently decreasing community diversity of native hosts. We also discussed the control and management of parasite invasion according to the invasive process of parasites： firstly,to avoid translocation of parasites with the introduction of hosts by taking early warning measures,including transportation management and introduced species management; then,to prevent establishment of parasite population by eradicating reservoir hosts,controlling vectors,vaccinating susceptible hosts and implementing habitat management;finally,to take mitigation measures such as managing native host and vector population,cutting off corridors to limit further invasive spread.