纳米甲壳素的制备、改性及应用研究进展

Research Progress in Preparations,Modifications and Applications of Nano Chitin

甲壳素是一种天然高分子化合物,具有来源广、可降解、生物相容、无毒和低抗原性等性质,但由于不溶于水和大多数有机溶剂,使其应用受到限制。由甲壳素制备的纳米甲壳素(甲壳素纳米晶须和甲壳素纳米纤维)能够在水中形成稳定均匀分散液,不仅具有甲壳素的性质,还有高长宽比、高表面积、低密度等性质,在其表面的羟基、N-乙酰基以及残留的胺基还可化学改性。本文综述了纳米甲壳素的制备,包括盐酸酸解、机械处理、2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧自由基(TEMPO)氧化、静电纺丝、溶解再生和脱N-乙酰基法,介绍了纳米甲壳素化学改性以及在增强、吸附和生物活性等方面应用。

Natural chitin which is widely abundant, biodegradable and biocompatible with nontoxicity and low immunogenicity, is a biopolymer with poor solubility in water and common organic solvents, and thus its direct application is rather limited. Nano chitin （chitin nanocrystals or nanowhiskers and chitin nanofibers） isolated from chitin could disperse stably and homogeneously, which not only had the properties of chitin itself, but also had high aspect ratio, high surface area and low density. Moreover, nanochitins had reactive surface （--OH and --NHCOCH3, and residual --NH2 groups） that facilitated surface fuctionalization. In this context, the methods isolated nanochitins including hydrochloric acid hydrolysis, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinooxy（TEMPO） mediated oxidation, dissolution and regeneration process, partial deacetylation, mechanical techniques and electrospinning were reviewed, also the surface modifications of nanochitins and its applications in reinforcement, adsorption and biological activities were summarized.