我国职业学校成绩展览会的历史考察(1918—1944)

A Historical Study of Achievement Exhibitions of Vocational Schools in China( 1918—1944)

民国期间职业教育迅速兴起,职业学校通过举办成绩展览会的方式展示学校技能教育之成果,希望以此来争取社会之扶持,改变民众之认识。自1918年创办至抗战期间,中华职业教育社及其所创办的中华职业学校不遗余力,逐步将职业学校成绩展览会之影响由地方扩展到全国。职业学校成绩展览会的历史演变过程可划分为探索、上升、平复、高潮、衰退五个时期。成绩展览活动打破了学校与社会之间固有的一种封闭状态,在舆论宣传、民众教化、谋求社会之认同方面功不可没,对促进我国近现代职业教育快速发展具有积极的历史意义。

Similar to the industrial education implemented in the late Qing Dynasty,the vocational education emerging in the Republic of China aimed to cultivate techinical talents in the field of agriculture,industry and commerce. However,with the long-term profound impact of the imperial education,the vocational education was not widely accepted. Therefore,vocational schools used to hold exhibitions which originated from World Expo to display the achievements of skill development,trying to attract social attention and change people's views of vocational education. As early as 1851 when the first World Expo was held,educational achievements were part of the exhibits,and since then educational achievement exhibition has expanded worldwide. Influenced by international expositions,more and more domestic educational exhibitions were held,which also involved industrial education achievements.During the early twentieth century,it was an educational association named ZHONGHUA Vocational Education Association rather than the government that promoted vocational education achievement exhibition in China. The Association aimed to promote and improve vocational education. In 1918,the Association set up ZHONGHUA Vocational School,delivering experimental vocational education. The school sought to promote practical skills education and organized the vocational schools all over the country to participate in achievement exhibitions,thus contributing to the development of vocational education in China. From 1918 to the end of the Anti-Japanese War, ZHONGHUA Vocational Education Association and ZHONGHUA Vocational School managed to expand the impact of the exhibitions both at the local and national level. The historical process can be divided into five stages: exploration,rising,maintenance,climax and recession.Initiated by ZHONGHUA Vocational Education Association,the achievement exhibition of vocational education focused on the developed region of eastern China( exploration period,1918- 1921). Following that,three consecutive national exhibitions were held in the city of Shanghai,Peking and Wuhan,expanding its impact to the whole country( rising period,1922—1924). Because of the warlords involved in the civil war and the Japanese invasion in 1931,the exhibition was greatly affected and forced to retreat to local areas again,mainly in the provinces of Jiangsu,Zhejiang and Shanghai( maintenance period,1925—1933). Driven by the movement,the Nanjing National Government became so interested in vocational education that it sponsored an exhibition of school students' achievements in handiwork courses,which meant that the organization of such exhibitions changed from nongovernment level to government level( climax period,1934—1937).Soon exhibitions were suspended again due to the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War and practically disappeared( recession period,1938—1944).The exhibitions built a bridge between vocational schools and the community,strengthening the public propaganda,mass education and social identity. It also had a positive historical impact on the rapid development of modern vocational education in China.