论夏禹时代的占卜易卦

On Divination and Hexagram in the Age of Xia Yu

夏禹时代是尧(唐)舜(虞)禹(大)及夏王朝时代,其时大约为距今4300—3700年。此一时代,在考古学上谓之龙山文化后期和二里头文化时代。夏禹时代之占卜易卦,需要深入探讨的有两处:一个是陶寺遗址出土的朱书"文"字扁壶及其铭文中的占卜易卦;一个是二里头遗址中所发现的卜骨现象和数字符号。作为单个数字的出现,如舞阳贾湖出土的时为8000年前的一个"八"字,西安半坡遗址出现的6000年前的"╳"(五)字,仅可作为一层意思。到了陶寺遗址中出现的4000年前的"O一∧一"(日一六一),几个数字符号连用且又和文字符号并署,由此构成了一个完整的数字易卦。这一征象表明数字易卦作为完整的单卦,发展到此已树起了一座可资确证的里程碑。而到了二里头文化时代,则出现了一、二、三、∧(六)、十(七)、(八),即大多数的单个奇、偶数都出现了。这又一变化,不禁使人联想起由奇偶所组成的阴阳卦画,并可由此去探寻其卦画符号之渊源问题。

The Age of Xia Yu refers to the Yao（ Tang）,Shun（ Yu） and Yu（ Da） as well as the Xia Dynasty,when it was about4300- 3700 years ago. This age was archaeologically recorded as the time of the late Longshan Culture and Erlitou Culture. The demand for depth researches on the divination and hexagram at this stage falls on two aspects： one is the scarlet lettered flat Pot unearthed from the Taosi site and the divination and hexagram of its inscription; the other is oracle bone phenomenon and digit symbol discovered from the Erlitou Site. The appearances as a single number,such as ＂八＂,used 8000 years ago with the meaning of eight,excavated from Jiahu in Wuyang County,and the symbol ＂ ╳＂,meaning five,used 6000 years ago and found in Xi＇an Banpo should be one layer of historical significance. When it came to the symbols＂O 一∧一＂（ Saying161）,used about 4000 years ago,was ascertained in the Taosi site,a number of numerals were found to have been used and yoked together with textual symbols,all of which constitute a complete digital hexagram. The phenomena show that the digital divination as a complete single script had already developed to a stage of milestone erected as a confirmation. When it evolved to the age of Erlitou Culture,there emerged the Chinese characters as： 一,二,三,∧（ 六）,十（ 七）,（ 八）,meaning： one,two,three,six,seven and eight,which indicate that most of the single odd and even numbers had already come into being. This change lets people associate that the Yin-Yang hexagram paintings could be composed by odd and even numerals and thus let people explore the sources of the cryptogram of the hexagram paintings.