小麦白粉病及其抗性研究进展

Research Progresses on Wheat Powdery Mildew and Its Resistance

本文综述了小麦白粉病的分类地位、形态特征、致病机理、生物防治措施、抗性鉴定、抗性基因的来源与功能、基因聚合育种及抗病基因定位克隆等方面的研究进展,旨在为小麦白粉病的研究和防治提供理论参考。小麦白粉病为白粉病菌(Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici)引起的一种世界性病害,是影响小麦生产的主要病害之一。该病为真菌性病害,其致病机理为经过越冬越夏的小麦白粉病菌,在秋季适合条件下进行初侵染,再侵染。目前该病的主要防治手段有生物防治和抗性育种,其中抗性育种最为有效和安全。不同小麦品种抗性不同,所含主效基因也会不同,至今已发现54个Pm的抗性位点,78个抗性等位基因,100多个数量性状位点(QTLs),其中,53个抗性基因定位于普通小麦的A、B、D染色体组上。小麦白粉病菌复杂多变的特性,易导致小麦单个抗病基因抗性的丧失,因此,小麦抗白粉病育种需要不断挖掘新的抗病基因和抗源,选育基因聚合抗病植株,拓宽小麦遗传基础,对于我国小麦抗性育种工作的开展具有积极意义。

In this paper, the research progress of the classification, morphological characteristics, pathogenic mechanism and biological control measures of wheat powdery mildew, resistance identification, source and function of resistance genes, gene polymerization breeding, resistance gene mapping and cloning were summarized. The aim is to provide theoretical basis and reference for the research and prevention of wheat powdery mildew. Wheat powdery mildew is a worldwide disease caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, which is one of the main diseases that reduces the production of wheat. It is a fungal disease which begins at the primary infecting and the disseminating at the suitable condition of autumn, when the wheat powdery mildew survived the last winter and summer. At present, the main methods of prevention and treatment of the disease are biological control and resistance breeding which is the most effective and safe breeding way. The resistance of different wheat varieties is different, and the main genes are also different. At present, 54 Pm resistance loci and more than 78 resistance alleles and 100 quantitative trait loci （QTLs） have been found. The 53 resistance genes are located in the chromosome A, B and D of common wheat. Complicated and changeable characteristics of wheat powdery mildew, easily lead to single resistance gene of wheat lost. Therefore, it＇s positive significant for China＇s wheat resistance breeding to find the continuous mining of new resistance gene and sources of resistance, breeding of disease resistant gene pyramiding breeding and broadening the genetic base of wheat.