产业结构调整背景下高等教育人才供给与配置状况研究

A Study on Higher Education Graduates' Supply and Allocation under the Background of Industrial Structure Adjustment

文章在揭示中国产业结构调整背景下劳动力市场对人才需求变化的基础上,分析了高等教育人才的供给及配置特征。结果发现,与产业结构调整相比,中国就业结构偏离度较大;劳动力市场对大专及以上文化程度人才的需求逐渐提高,对技术技能型人才的需求增加;高等教育学历结构升级具有明显的需求拉动特征,但学历结构调整的速度快于市场需求,造成高等教育劳动力市场内部挤压式就业困难;高等教育学科比例调整速度缓慢,专业结构与岗位技能需求还存在一定矛盾,引致结构性就业困难;大专院校、民办高校和独立学院培养的毕业生占比快速上升,但毕业生质量有待提高;各产业大专及以上学历就业人口比重仍然很低,支撑未来新兴产业发展的高学历人才更是缺口极大;近年来大学生就业的地区分布更加分散,但就业身份集中度较高;职业集中度大于行业集中度,且学历越高就业分布的集中度也越高。

The paper analyses higher education graduates' supply structure and distributional features after revealing the labour market demand changes under the background of industrial structure adjustment.The results show that,compared with industrial structure adjustment,the employment structure deviation is obvious.The labour market demands for tertiary or higher education personnel and skilled technical personnel are increasing.Although the high-education-graduates structure's upgrading shows a significant demand-pull feature,the speed of the graduates' structure adjustment is faster than that of market demand.This leads to internal squeezing and structural employment problems in higher education labour market.Also slow adjustment in high education discipline proportion,and disproportion between professional structure and job skill demand cause the structural difficulty in employment.The education quality of private colleges and alike should be improved,although the graduates' proportion from these colleges grows faster.The proportion of higher education graduates employed in industries still remains low,and there exists a big shortage of the graduates in the demand from new emergent industries.In recent years,the regional distribution of employment of university graduates is more dispersed,but with a higher concentration in employment status.Occupation concentration is greater than the industry concentration,especially for those with higher education.