大型露天矿规模化开采新工艺研究

Research on New Mining Technology of Large Scale Open Pit Mining

露天矿区采用采坑数量和规模化开采下的开采工艺成为我国露天煤矿发展的关键问题,综合运用露天采矿学原理、可靠性理论和技术经济学,通过现场调查研究、理论分析和现场工程实践,以资源储量、生产技术和经济最优原则,建立了露天矿区单坑和多坑的生产规模优化模型。分析了影响矿山工艺选择的因素,基于各单一开采工艺的适用条件,根据单一开采工艺的空间分布、严格限制工艺与非严格限制工艺对综合工艺进行了分类,总结了各种综合工艺的特点,提出了不同综合工艺的适用条件,基于模糊数学和层次分析法,建立了开采工艺选择的综合评价模型,提出了确定综合工艺开采参数的方法,提出了露天煤矿综合开采工艺中各单一工艺生产能力匹配原则及措施;基于各单一开采系统能力匹配原则,提出了综合开采工艺的动态调整方法,考虑各单一开采工艺相互关系,绘制了综合开采工艺的典型关系图,建立了综合工艺可靠性模型,提出了提高综合工艺开采矿山的可靠性的途径。煤炭是我国主要的能源产品和能源消费品。露天开采是煤炭的主要开采方式之一。研究露天煤矿的碳排放核算及碳减排途径对我国露天煤矿的低碳发展具有重要的意义。在深入研究国内外碳排放核算方法、露天煤矿生产过程、生产工艺的基础上,得出露天煤矿正常生产年的碳排放源构成,主要包括直接碳排放源和间接碳排放源;并在此基础上,运用露天煤矿碳排放初步估算法构建了露天煤矿碳排放初步核算模型。以能源消耗和露天开采生产环节为主线,构建了露天煤矿碳排放初步核算模型和基于生产环节的露天煤矿碳排放核算模型。露天煤矿碳排放初步核算模型按照碳排放源的5个部分构建。基于生产环节的露天煤矿碳排放核算模型则以生产环节为主,初步核算模型为辅为原则,将露天煤矿的生产环节分成穿孔、爆破、采装、破碎、运输、排土、辅助7个环节,并结合露天煤矿的碳排放源加入溢散、自燃源,共9个部分完成模型构建。基于安家岭、黑岱沟、伊敏河等国内具有代表性的典型露天煤矿的统计数据,分别按工艺环节进行露天煤矿的碳排放核算,得出了这几座露天矿近10年左右的碳排放水平,并分析了它们所代表工艺的碳排放水平的优劣。不同半连续工艺的碳排放对比得到自移式破碎机工艺优于端帮半固定破碎站工艺优于地面固定破碎站工艺。

The numbers of mining pits and mining technology systems under large scale mining adopted in surface mining areas have become the key issue in China＇s rapid expansion of surface coal mines. After analyzing influence factors of mining technology system selection, applicable conditions and spatial distribution of single mining technology system, key mining technology system and other mining technology systems, the paper has classified the combined mining technology systems, and summarized the characteristics and applicable conditions of various combined mining technology systems. Based on fuzzy mathematics and hierarchical analysis, the paper has established comprehensive evaluation model of mining technology system selection, and put forward the approach to determine the mining parameters of combined mining technology systems, and the productivity matching principles and parameters of each single mining technology system in combined mining technology systems of surface coal mines. According to the analysis of production cost components in coal industry chain, this research designed economic experiments of coal industry chain transaction under different conditions of carbon discharge tax, established production cost transmission model in coal industry chain. Based on regression analysis of experimental data, this research has concludes that each link tends to transfer production cost to the downstream one in the whole coal industry chain. A link with higher profits appears more powerful in digesting production cost, which confirms there is a choice tendency of differentlevels in coal industry chain. Based on the theories of integrated organization, transaction cost, game and path dependence,this dissertation analyzed the formation process of coal industry chain paths under different low carbon economies, produced key notes in coal industry chain and identified five specific parameters in human, machine, materials, law and environment aspects, including key parameters in costs of human, equipment maintenance, management, and environmental restoration, as well as coal resource conversion rate and secondary recovery rate.