不同政策对农户农药施用行为的影响

Study on the impacts of government policy on farmers' pesticide application behavior

农户不规范的施药行为是引发农产品质量安全风险最直接的原因,为规范农户的施药行为,政府颁布并实施了多种政策,但大多收效甚微。农户不规范的施药行为主要表现在过量使用高毒农药、施用过程中不按规定操作以及农药残留物的处理问题上,如何针对农户不同的施药行为制定相应的政策,以达到有效规范农户施药行为的效果,这是本文研究的主要目的。文章基于全国986个农户的调查数据,运用有序logistic模型,分别回归了不同政策对农户过量施用农药的行为、不遵守施药间隔期的行为以及在施药过程中不阅读标签说明的行为的影响程度,结果表明:强令禁止高毒农药、对违反农产品安全生产进行处罚以及对收购的农产品进行检测等命令控制政策对农户是否过量施用农药的行为具有较强的规范效应,但对农户在施药过程中是否阅读标签说明的规范效果不佳;农药施用技术培训、农产品安全生产宣传教育等宣传培训的政策能有效规范农户在施药前阅读标签说明,但对农户是否过量施用农药的影响不大;以市场为基础的激励政策对农户过量施用农药、阅读标签说明以及遵守间隔期均有显著的规范效果。由此提出,政府在实施命令控制政策的同时,应加强农产品安全知识的宣传力度,定期为农户提供农药施用技术培训;由于以市场为基础的激励政策能有效弥补命令控制政策的监管漏洞,从而更有效的规范农户的施药行为,因此要建立激励惩罚机制,对使用生物农药、施用有机肥等具有正外部性的投入行为进行补贴,对使用高污染、高毒农药的行为进行征税,充分发挥市场为基础的监管政策的有效性。

Farmers irregular pesticide application behavior is the most direct cause of agricultural products security risk. In order to regulate their pesticide application behavior, government has implemented a variety of policies, but most of them have little effect. The irregular application of pesticide can be divided into three aspects, they are ： using the high toxic pesticides excessively, ignoring the regulations in the process of application and the problem of pesticide residues. In order to achieve an effectively policy to regulate farmers pesticide application behavior, government should introduce different policies according to different behaviors. Based on a national survey data of 986 farmers, this paper used ordered logistic model to regression the impact of different policies on farmers＇ pesticide application behavior, and the results showed that the command policies such as banning toxic pesticides, punishment, etc. have strong effects on farmers using pesticides behavior, while it has a smaller little effect on the behavior of reading labels and instructions before applying pesticide; pesticide application training and safe production education and promotion policies can effectively regulate farmers behavior and help them read the instructions before applying pesticide, hut they have some subtle effects on whether farmers excessively use pesticides or not. Market-based incentive policy has a great effect either on farmers using pesticides behavior and reading the instructions, or abiding by the interval. Thus, this paper put forward： as implementing the command policies, government should also strengthen on promote safe production knowledge, and provide pesticides training regularly; as the market based incentives can effectively make up for the loopholes of command control policy, government should establish incentive punishment mechanism, and offer subsidies for those who use biological pesticide and organic fertilizer, and levy tax for those who use high pollution and high toxic pesticide.