2Educational Testing Service (ETS). ETS Guidelines for Fairness Review of Assessments. New Jersey: Author, 2009.2-5.
3John F. Olson,Michael O. Martin,Ina V.S. Mullis. TIMSS Technical Report[EB/OL]. http://timss.bc.edu/timss2007 /PDF/TIMSS2007_TechnicalReport.pdf, 2011-02-10.
4Ronald K. Hambleton. Guidelines for Adapting Edu- cational and Psychological Tests. Proceeding of the Annual Meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education. New York, 1996.12.
5Rebecca A.Baranowski. Item Editing and Editorial Review. Downing, S.M., Haladyna, T.M. (Eds.) ,Handbook of Test Development, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2006.349.
6Jason Millman, Jennifer Greene. The Specification and Development of Tests of Achievement and Ability, Linn, R. L. (Eds.), Educational Measurement: Third Edition, Journal of Educational Measurement, 1989.338.
7Educational Testing Service (ETS). ETS International Principles for Fairness Review of Assessments: Annual for De- veloping Locally Appropriate Fairness Review Guidelines in Various Countries. New Jersey:Author, 2009.31.
8余民宁.试题反应理论IRT及其应用[M].台北:心理出版社.2009.279.
9Educational Testing Service (ETS). ETS Standards for Quality and Fairness. New Jersey:Author, 2002.