《论语》中“夫子”辨析

THE ANALYSIS OF “FUZI” IN THE ANALECTS

《论语》一书记述了孔子应答弟子及时人的言论,书中弟子称孔子为"子"、"夫子"、"孔子"甚至"仲尼",称谓复杂多变。由于周代崇尚礼乐文化,对称谓也有一套严格的礼仪规范,人们在日常交往中不可能出现错误,因此清代崔述以弟子面称孔子为"夫子"而疑其篇章为伪作。通过辑录《论语》中称谓为"夫子"的言论,从"夫子"的本义和周代对称谓礼仪的规范两方面进行分析,可知"夫子"这一称谓在《论语》中有不同含义,有表示对孔子学识的崇敬,也有表示对孔子曾是士大夫身份的尊重,从而说明在当时,弟子面称孔子为"夫子"是有可能的。

The book The Analects made a descriptive record of those speeches that Confucius answered questions put forwardby his students and people who lived at that time, in which those students called Confucius ＂Zi＂, ＂Fu Zi＂, ＂ Kong Zi＂ and even‘ Zhong Ni冶, and the calling was complex and changeable. Because people in Zhou Dynasty advocated ritual culture and therewas also a set of strict etiquette rules for courtesy titles, there was no error in the daily communication. Therefore, Cui Shu inthe Qing Dynasty thought that the chapter in which the students called Confucius ＂Fu Zi＂at the presence of him was fake. Bycollecting the speeches of the title ＂Fu Zi＂ in Analects of Confucius, analyzing from its original meaning and etiquette norms ofappellation in Zhou Dynasty, it is not hard to see that the title of ＂ Fu Zi＂ had different meanings in Analects of Confucius; Someshow the reverence for the knowledge of Kong Zi and some show the respect for Confucius5s identity as a scholar bureaucrat;consequently, it is possible to use direct appellation ＂Fu Zi＂ in Confucius5s presence.