“文统”文体的独立与自觉谱系

The Independence of the Style of “Literary Orthodoxy” and its Self-conscious Genealogy

"文统"的建立是与文章独立同步的,《汉书·艺文志》有"诗赋略",把"诗赋"从"六艺"分离出来。"文统"以"文"为特点,作为统治阶级思想,是期望"文统"与"道统"相辅相成;至南北朝时,"道统"往往嫌"文统"不够配合,而"文统"常常要脱离"道统"的控制,"文统"与"道统"发生龃龉。中古文体或"文笔"或"诗笔",两分使"笔"这类"公家之言"在"文"的方面显得弱势,中古以"赋"为榜样创制出骈体,韵、散、骈文体三分,奠定了古代社会"文统"下文体的基本格局。诗本追随音乐、舞蹈的韵律而共同构成人类的艺术活动,诗脱离音乐、舞蹈方得独立;独立后的诗又追求韵律,至是,韵律成为历代"文统"的主要组成部分。文人才华是"文统"构成的基石,文人才华使得文人往往张扬个性,成为"文统"的亮点;但中古"文统"对中古文人的要求是张扬文才而不是张扬个性。

The establishment of Literary Orthodoxy is synchronous with the independence of articles. There is poetry and pose in the book of Han Shu·Yi Wen Zhi, which separates poetry and pose from the ＂Six Arts＂. Literary Orthodoxy, as the ideology of the ruling class, features in ＂Wen＂（literature） and is expected to supplement with ＂Confucian Orthodoxy＂. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Literary Orthodoxy and Confucian orthodoxy were discorded with each other, the former incompatible with the latter, so the Literary Orthodoxy would frequently break away from the control of Confucian Orthodoxy. The literary style of mediaeval times is either ＂Wen Bi＂ or poetry and prose. This division makes ＂Bi＂, a public speech, appear weak in the aspect of Wen. The Parallel Style is created out of the Fu, a literary style in mediaeval times, hence forming three literary styles namely the rhyme, prose and parallelism, and laying the foundation for the basic pattern of ancient literary style. Poetry follows music and the rhyme of dancing and constitute the human＇s common art activities. When breaking away from the music and dance, poetry becomes independent. After independence, poetry seeks for rhyme. Therefore, the rhyme have become the major constituent of Literary Orthodoxy in successive dynasties. Literati＇s talent is the cornerstone of Literary Orthodoxy, which makes literati extending their individualities and become the highlight of Literary Orthodoxy. However, Literary Orthodoxy in Mediaeval times requires contemporary literati to extend their literary talents rather than their individualities.