明初文化格局中的地方儒学与台阁文风

Local Confucian School and Officialese Style in the Cultural Structure of Early Ming

明初文学中一个引人注目的现象是永乐至宣德年间台阁文风的盛行。以朝廷为主导的台阁文风,如何成功地覆盖了在野的、地方的、下层的广泛社会文化场域?追溯其来龙去脉,地方儒学官是值得关注的群体。相较于明代中后期学校的荒废,明初是地方儒学发展的兴盛期。地方儒学官在政治、文化生活中作用显著,永宣时代的台阁要员就多有任教地方的经历。经由考核选拔、亲族乡谊等联结因素,地方儒学官与台阁要员往来密切,交流频繁,大量酬赠诗序体现出受台阁影响的旨趣和文风。台阁体的长期风行,体现了不同社会阶层之间的文化整合,也导致了士大夫阶层柔若无骨,文风缺乏刚劲之气。

It's remarkable that the officialese style dominated literary arena during Yongle and Xuande in early Ming Dynasty. But how did the officialese style created by courtier writers penetrate the commonalty? Local Confucian teachers were noticeable. As local Confucian schools flourished in the early Ming dynasty comparing to the mid and late times, local Confucian teachers played a significant role in political and cultural life. As important cabinet and Hanlin Academy officials once were teachers in local schools, local teachers kept close contact with them through appraisals, family and countryman relationships. Poems and prose in their communication embodied the officialese style. The boom of officialese style resulted from scholar group's participation, which demonstrated a cultural integration of different classes. It reflected the fact of pulling together disparate cultural groups, and led to the effect that intellectuals have no backbone and their writings were marked by a weak style.